HHO gas

HHO ("Hybrid Hydrogen Oxygen") is allegedly a gas^{[citation needed]} made through a patented electrolysis process, from ordinary water, which is claimed to have special properties.^[1] Aquygen is the trademark for this gas used by Hydrogen Technology Applications, Inc., which sells gas generators for use in welding and cutting torches.^[2] HTA also claims that the gas is useful as a "primary fuel source or a fuel additive", enhancing the fuel efficiency of gasoline, diesel and aircraft turbine engines.^[3]

The claims that HHO gas has special properties are not supported by mainstream scientists because independent research adhering to the scientific method is lacking.^{[citation needed]}

Properties

According to Ruggero Santilli, there are many unique and unusual properties that HHO gas possesses. Below is scientifically unproven^{[citation needed]} list of some of the unique properties claimed by the researchers of HTA Inc. on its website:^[4]

HHO gas proves to be odorless, colorless and lighter than air.
HHO has a number of distinct features that distinguish it from water vapor, Brown's gas and other variants.
In the production of HHO gas, there is no evaporation process at all, the electric energy used being insufficient for evaporation. This feature alone establishes that the H2O Model 1500 Aquygen Gas Generator produces a new form of water that is gaseous and combustible.
HHO gas exhibits a widely varying energy content in British thermal units, ranging from a relatively cold flame (259°F) in open air to large releases of thermal energy, depending on its use. This is unique to HHO gas, as all other known fuels have a fixed value of energy content in BTU/scf.
The variable character of the energy content of HHO gas is evidence that the gas has a unique structure with a chemical composition including bonds beyond those of valence type.
HHO gas does not follow the fundamental PVT law for gases.
HHO gas demonstrates an anomalous adhesion to gases, liquids and solids. HHO gas bonds to gaseous fuels (such as natural gas, magnegas fuel, and others) and liquid fuels (such as diesel, gasoline, liquid petroleum, and others.
HHO gas instantaneously melts tungsten, bricks, and other highly refractive substances. In particular, measurements have established the remarkable capability of combusted Aquygen Gas to instantaneously reach temperatures over 10,000° F, under which virtually all substances on Earth can be sublimated.
The measurements reported by Ruggero Maria Santilli suggest the existence in the HHO gas in stable clusters composed of H and O atoms, their dimers H–O, and their molecules H2, O2 and H2O. According to Santilli, these atomic and molecular bonds cannot entirely be of valence type.
Santilli describes the creation of the gaseous and combustible HHO from distilled water at atmospheric temperature and pressure via a process structurally different than evaporation or separation, which suggests the existence of a new form of water.
HHO is described to have the structure (H×H)–O where “×” represents the new magnecular bond and “-” the conventional molecular bond. The transition from the conventional H–O–H configuration to the new (H×H)–O species is explained as being a change of the electric polarization of water caused by the electrolyzer.

There are some who believe that this "new" gas may in fact be old technology being touted as new technology.^[5]

Santilli claims that HHO gas is an oxygen and hydrogen hybrid known as a "magnecule" in a structure which has yet to be understood.^[6]^[7] These claims have not yet been verified through multiple independent research studies, however Ruggero Maria Santilli of the Institute for Basic Research has published the results of their original findings in the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.^[8]

News coverage

The media has done several stories on the promotion of HHO gas. That promotion of this supposed technology has been featured on CNN, FOX News, and NBC. [1][2][3][4] Hydrogen Technology Applications Inc. has donated several HHO gas generators to Kentucky universities and technical training centers during its introduction program.^[9]

References

^ US patent 7191737, Dennis Klein, "Hydrogen generator for uses in a vehicle fuel system", issued 2007-03-20
^ "How to get Aquygen". Hydrogen Technology Applications, Inc. 2006. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
^ "Company: Our History". Hydrogen Technology Applications, Inc. 2006. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
^ "Aquygen: A New Kind of Gas - Key features establishing the novelty of Aquygen Gas". Hydrogen Technology Applications, Inc. 2006. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
^ "Topic: Magical water fuel: A successful hoax? Or, what's the catch?". Snopes forum. May 13, 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-30.
^ R. M. Santilli, A. K. Aringazin (December 20, 2001). "Structure and Combustion of Magnegases". Hadronic Journal (27): p. 299-330. arXiv:physics/0112066. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
^ Santilli, Ruggero Maria (2006-02-17). "The Novel 'Controlled Intermediate Nuclear Fusion' and its Possible Industrial Realization as Predicted by Hadronic Mechanics and Chemistry". arXiv:physics/0602125. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Mentions the clusters as not actually being molecules:
DEFINITION: Santilli’s magnecules are stable clusters consisting of individual atoms (H, C, O, etc.), dimers (OH, CH, etc.) and ordinary molecules (CO, H2O, etc.) bonded together by opposing magnetic polarities originating from toroidal polarizations of the orbitals of atomic electrons. Numerous new substances with magnecular structures have been identiﬁed experimentally to date, among which we indicate MagneGas, MagneHydrogen, HHO, and others under industrial development.
^ Santilli, Ruggero Maria (2006). "A new gaseous and combustible form of water" (PDF). International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 31 (9): pp. 1113–1128. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2005.11.006. Retrieved 2007-02-20. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ Linda Potter (Winter 2005). "Gadgets and gizmos" (PDF). Land Air & Water, Kentucky Dept. for Environmental Protection. 16 (1): pg.15. OCLC 20955733. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help)