Wassoulou
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Wassoulou is a cultural area and historical region in the Wassoulou River Valley of West Africa. It is home to about 160,000 people, and is also the native land of the Wassoulou genre of music.
Wassoulou surrounds the point where the borders of three present-day countries meet: Mali, Ivory Coast, and Guinea. It includes portions of southwestern Mali, northwestern Ivory Coast, and eastern Guinea. It is bordered by the Niger River to the northwest, and by the Sankarani River to the east.
The name Wassoulou is alternately spelled Wassulu, Wassalou, and Ouassalou.
Culture
Wassoulou is the birthplace of Wassoulou music, a style which blends traditional and modern influences with strong female vocalists and a pentatonic hunter's harp. Wassoulou music is one of the two forms of West African music ethnomusicologists believe to be the origin of the American blues, which developed out of music forms dating back to the American slave trade from West Africa. Some of the most famous residents of Wassoulou include the singers Oumou Sangare, Ramata Diakite and Coumba Sidibe. They are of Wasulu Fulani/Fula origin.[1]
Wassoulou's cultural importance is reflected in the development of internet resources, and the creation of Radio Wassoulou broadcasting from Yanfolila.
Language
Wassoulou is also a dialect of the Eastern Fulfulde language, and is closely related to Kankan Mandinka.[2] Speakers of Wassoulou number some 73,500 in Guinea, with 41,200 speakers estimated in Mali, where the closely related Bamanankan is also spoken.[3] In the far northwest of Côte d'Ivoire there are some 21,000 Wassoulou speakers, where it is related to Wojenaka Maninka.
Inhabitants are known as Wassulu, Wassulunka or Wassulunke.
History
The Wassoulou area is a center for the mingling of several ethnic groups. The Fulani people, who were believed to have emigrated from the Fouta Djallon highlands to the west, integrated into the indigenous Mandé peoples and adopting their language and customs sometime prior to the 18th century, at roughly the same time Islam spread into the area. There are also large populations of Mandinka peoples native to Wassoulou. Due to many generations of intermingling, many Fulas from the Wassoulou region no longer speak their native tongue, but have retained their identity and cultural practices. Some common Fula surnames from Wassoulou are Diallo, Diakite, Sidibe, and Sangare. Some other names include Sow and Dia. These names are not exclusive to Fulas from this region. [4]
While the history of the Mandinka Wassoulou states remain unclear, the small kingdoms of Kenedugu and Wassulu existed from at least the 1650s, benefiting from gold mining and trade in the area.
Wassoulou is also the name of an Islamic state, the Wassoulou Empire (1870–1898), ruled by Samori Ture and centered on his capital, Bissandugu. In 1870, Samori overthrew an older Wassoulou state whose faama (ruler) was Dyanabufarina Modi.[5][6] The Wassoulou region rebelled against Toure multiple times. The first was in 1885 in response to the institutionalization of Islam in the empire and the suppression of animist practices. It was brutally put down by Toure's brother Keme Brema.[7] The war between Samory and Kenedougou devastated the region, leaving thousands of refugees who were often sold into slavery or even sold themselves to avoid starving to death. Another rebellion after Samory's failure in the siege of Sikasso was also brutally suppressed.[8]: 269 Toure moved through again in 1891, forcibly moving much of the population east with him as he migrated.[8]: 273 Wassoulou continued to suffer instability and social conflict, including predation by colonial troops, well into the period of French domination.[8]: 274
See also
References
- ^ Durán, Lucy (1995). "Birds of Wasulu: Freedom of Expression and Expressions of Freedom in the Popular Music of Southern Mali". British Journal of Ethnomusicology. 4: 101–134. doi:10.1080/09681229508567240. ISSN 0968-1221. JSTOR 3060685.
- ^ Maninkakan, Eastern at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Bamanankan at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Reysset, Pascal; Van Den Avenne, Cécile (2001). "Le dire et le dit dans les entretiens: élements pour le traitement de la complexité du langage". Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique. 70 (70): 23–52. doi:10.1177/075910630107000104. ISSN 0759-1063. JSTOR 23891479. S2CID 145793962. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
- ^ "Rulers of Mali". AfricanSeer. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
- ^ "Traditional polities: Wassulu". rulers.org. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
- ^ Ba, Amadou Bal (11 February 2020). "L'Almamy Samory TOURE (1830-1900), résistant et empereur du Wassoulou". Ferloo (in French). Retrieved 30 September 2023.
- ^ a b c Peterson, Brian J. (2008). ""History, Memory and the Legacy of Samori in Southern Mali, C. 1880-1898."". The Journal of African History. 49 (2): 261–79. doi:10.1017/S0021853708003903. JSTOR 40206642. S2CID 155012842. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
Sources
- Échange école Joliot Curie, école Wassoulou, Février 2007, Joint French - Malian Education Project (EDDUFAO), in the villages of Guéna, Djélibany and Kaka.
- Portrait of the most famous Female Griot from Wassoulou: Oumou Sangaré, Abidjan.net.
- calabashmusic.com's guide to Wassoulou Music.
- Radio Wassoulou.
- Geekcorps Mali » First digitally created broadcast from Radio Wassoulou - Yanfolila. October, 2004.
- Launch of the internet connection in Yanfolila USAID, 29 January 2005.
- Le Président de la République du Mali: Visit to Wassoulou, 2006
- PLAN DE SECURITE ALIMENTAIRE COMMUNE RURALE DE WASSOULOU BALLE, 2006–2010. Projet de Mobilisation des Initiatives en matière de Sécurité Alimentaire au Mali (PROMISAM), 2006.
- Etude diagnostique pour le Marketing Social de l’Hygiène et de l’Assainissement dans les villes de Bougouni et de Yanfolila, Helvetas Mali - ASP-EAU, December 2004. (Includes detailed descriptions and basic statistics for two towns in the region).