FairPlay
- For other uses, see Fairplay (disambiguation).
FairPlay is a digital rights management (DRM) technology created by Apple Inc., based on technology created by the company Veridisc. FairPlay is built into the QuickTime multimedia software and used by the iPod, iTunes, and iTunes Store. Every file purchased from the iTunes Store with iTunes (except songs to be distributed by the EMI Group starting in May 2007) is encoded with FairPlay. FairPlay digitally encrypts AAC audio files and prevents users from playing these files on unauthorized computers.
The majority of FairPlay-encrypted content is purchased through the iTunes Store, using the iTunes jukebox software. The iTunes jukebox software relies on Apple's Quicktime multimedia software for decoding and playback of the encrypted files. Every media player capable of utilizing QuickTime is capable of playing back FairPlay-encrypted files, including RealPlayer, Media Center, and Media Player Classic.
In April 2007, Apple announced that it will begin offering content from record company EMI free of FairPlay encryption. The encryption-free AAC files will be offered on Apple's iTunes Store. The files will feature a significant increase in audio quality, with an increase from 128 kbps to a 256 kbps bit-rate. The DRM-free tracks will be priced at $1.29 per song, and Apple will allow users to "upgrade" previously purchased music at the rate of $0.30 per track. Apple will continue to offer FairPlay encumbered files at the established price of $0.99 per track.
Restrictions
FairPlay-encrypted audio tracks allow the following:
- The track may be copied to any number of iPod portable music players.
- The track may be played on up to five (originally three) authorized computers simultaneously.
- The track may be copied to a standard Audio CD any number of times.
- The resulting CD has no DRM and may be ripped, encoded and played back like any other CD. However, CDs created by users do not attain first sale rights and cannot be legally leased, lent, sold or distributed to others by the creator.
- The CD audio still bears the artifacts of compression, so converting it back into a lossy format such as MP3 may aggravate the sound artifacts of encoding (see transcoding). When re-ripping such a CD one should use a lossless audio codec such as FLAC however such files take up more space than the original .m4p files
- A particular playlist within iTunes containing a FairPlay-encrypted track can be copied to a CD only up to seven times (originally ten times) before the playlist must be changed.
FairPlay does not affect the ability of the file itself to be copied. It only manages the decryption of the audio content.
An intentional limitation of Fairplay is that it prevents iTunes customers from using the purchased music on any portable digital music player other than the Apple iPod, Motorola ROKR E1, Motorola SLVR, or iPhone. On January 3 2005, an iTunes online music store customer filed a lawsuit against Apple Inc.(formerly known as Apple Computer), alleging the company broke antitrust laws by utilizing FairPlay with iTunes so that purchased music will work only with its own music player, the iPod, freezing out competitors (iTunes Lawsuit).
On June 28 2004, VirginMega filed a complaint with the French Competition Council against Apple regarding its refusal to license Fairplay to VirginMega for use in their own online music commerce store. The French Conseil de la Concurrence rejected the complaint over accused anti-competitive behavior. (The Decision). The Conseil ruled against the notion that FairPlay was an "essential facility" for three distinct reasons: 1) Playing purchased music on portable players was a small part of the market; 2) CD Burning provides an adequate work-around to get purchased music from other vendors onto an iPod; and 3) There is sufficient availability of portable players that support Microsoft's WMA DRM as a viable alternative and choice for consumers. (iTunes, DRM and competition law)
An unintentional limitation of Fairplay is its incompatibility with Creative Commons licensed music. The DRM system employed doesn't allow for re-mixing or re-distribution, two options commonly available in Creative Commons licenses (Explanation of Creative Commons Licences).
How it works
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FairPlay-protected files are regular MP4 container files with an encrypted AAC audio stream. The audio stream is encrypted using the Rijndael algorithm in combination with MD5 hashes. The master key required to decrypt the encrypted audio stream is also stored in encrypted form in the MP4 container file. The key required to decrypt the master key is called the "user key."
Each time a customer uses iTunes to buy a track a new random user key is generated and used to encrypt the master key. The random user key is stored, together with the account information, on Apple’s servers, and also sent to iTunes. iTunes stores these keys in its own encrypted key repository. Using this key repository, iTunes is able to retrieve the user key required to decrypt the master key. Using the master key, iTunes is able to decrypt the AAC audio stream and play it.
When a user authorizes a new computer, iTunes sends a unique machine identifier to Apple’s servers. In return it receives all the user keys that are stored with the account information. This ensures that Apple is able to limit the number of computers that are authorized and makes sure that each authorized computer has all the user keys that are needed to play the tracks that it bought.
When a user deauthorizes a computer, iTunes will instruct Apple’s servers to remove the unique machine identifier from their database, and at the same time it will remove all the user keys from its encrypted key repository.
The iPod also has its own encrypted key repository. Every time a FairPlay-protected track is copied onto the iPod, iTunes will copy the user key from its own key repository to the key repository on the iPod. This makes sure that the iPod has everything it needs to play the encrypted AAC audio stream.
At this time, it looks like the restrictions mentioned above are hard-coded into QuickTime and the iTunes application, and not configurable in the protected files themselves.
Harmony: RealPlayer Music on the iPod
In July 2004, RealNetworks introduced their Harmony technology. The Harmony technology is built into RealPlayer and allows users of the RealPlayer Music Store to play their songs on the iPod. Before the introduction of Harmony this was not possible, because the RealPlayer Music Store uses a different DRM scheme, called Helix DRM, that was incompatible with that used by Apple. While using RealPlayer to transfer a Helix DRM-restricted song onto the iPod, Harmony transparently converts it to a FairPlay-compatible protected file. Real argued that Harmony was a boon to consumers that "frees" them "from the limitation of being locked into a specific portable device when they buy digital music."[1] Apple responded:
- We are stunned that RealNetworks has adopted the tactics and ethics of a hacker to break into the iPod, and we are investigating the implications of their actions under the DMCA and other laws. We strongly caution Real and their customers that when we update our iPod software from time to time it is highly likely that Real's Harmony technology will cease to work with current and future iPods.
RealNetworks launched an internet petition titled "Hey Apple! Don't break my iPod", encouraging iPod users to sign up to support Real's action. The petition backfired badly. [2] The overwhelming majority of posters reacted negatively. The main points of criticism against Harmony were:
- Many posters accused RealNetworks of astroturfing with the petition they had created.
- RealNetworks was criticised for hypocrisy in keeping its own intellectual property and products closed, while asking Apple to open up the iPod.
- The move was also denounced as an attempt to force Apple into a partnership that would only benefit RealNetworks.
Harmony was quietly disabled by Apple around the time of the iPod photo launch, and to older versions shortly after in firmware updates. The change makes it so that all music (past and present) purchased through the RealPlayer Music Store will not work on Apple's iPod. In response, Real has said they will get it working again. Since then, Apple and Real have effectively been playing a game of cat and mouse with Apple blocking Harmony with each new iPod software update and Real fixing Harmony to work on iPods some time later [3]. Music purchased through the iTunes Music Store (iTMS) was not affected.
In August 2005, an SEC filing by RealNetworks admitted that continued use of the Harmony technology put themselves at considerable risk because of the possibility of a lawsuit from Apple, which would be expensive to defend against, even if the court agreed that the technology is legal. Additionally, the possibility that "Apple will continue to modify its technology to 'break' the interoperability that Harmony provides to consumers" would mean that "Harmony may no longer work with Apple's products, which could harm our business and reputation, or we may be forced to incur additional development costs to refine Harmony to make it interoperate again."[4] This type of disclosure is common in SEC 10-Q filings, and may represent a worst-case scenario for a company.
DeDRMS, PlayFair, QTFairUse, and Hymn
After the launch of the iTunes Music Store multiple people attempted to circumvent the encryption of FairPlay-protected files.
Jon Johansen - also known for his DeCSS program - was the first to discover a way to circumvent the DRM. The open source application QTFairUse intercepted the decrypted output and wrote it to a raw AAC file. Most media players do not support such raw files and the files had to be processed with a tool like faad to create normal files. One of the few media players that is able to play raw AAC files is foobar2000.
The second time around, Johansen reverse engineered the encryption technique used in FairPlay and created an algorithm to completely remove the encryption without re-encoding the encrypted AAC stream. This method is currently used by VLC media player in order to play FairPlay-protected tracks.
A software package named PlayFair - created by an anonymous author - has also appeared. It can remove the encryption from files using the FairPlay DRM mechanism. The author of Playfair used the source code written by Jon Johansen for VLC. Apple's legal department forced PlayFair to be first removed from SourceForge.net, and then when the Indian open source web site Sarovar.org hosted the project they too were sent a cease and desist by Apple's lawyers. However, Playfair's successor Hymn (an acronym for "Hear Your Music aNywhere") is alive and well and has become JHymn, a Java variant of the program, and iOpener, a Windows variant.
Apple Computer introduced iTunes 6.0 in October 2005, which included changes intended to stop programs like JHymn from decrypting FairPlay encrypted files. Once iTunes 6 has been used to purchase songs or authorize a computer with a particular iTMS account, that account will be blocked from making purchases or activations on earlier iTunes versions, and thus software such as JHymn can no longer be used. Although JHymn continues to work with music purchased with previous versions of iTunes, as of September 2006 the developers are still working to support music purchased with iTunes 6.0 or later.
Apple Computer introduced iTunes 7.0 in September 2006, which once again included changes intended to stop programs such as JHymn. However only a few days after the release of iTunes 7.0 the experimental version 2.3 of QTFairUse6, a derivative of the python open source QTFairUse, was released, which like the original QTFairUse dumps each track to a raw AAC file which then can be converted to any format.
Jon Johansen himself also released a tool to remove the encryption, called DeDRMS. Later he released FairKeys, which uses Apple’s own servers to retrieve the keys needed by DeDRMS.
All these applications have two things in common. First of all, they use the user keys from either the Apple servers, the iTunes key repository, or the iPod key repository, which ensures they can decrypt only files that are legally bought; you cannot use these applications to decrypt files somebody else bought. Secondly, they keep user specific metadata inside the MP4 container intact, so it is possible to identify the user who originally bought the file after it is decrypted.
In March of 2005, it was revealed through a front end of the iTunes Music Store called PyMusique that the FairPlay DRM was added only as a song was being purchased from the store by the client software itself.
In October 2006, Jon Johansen announced that instead of breaking FairPlay, he had reverse-engineered it so that other companies could play their DRM-protected music and movies on iPods and Apple's new Apple TV. His company, DoubleTwist Ventures, would license the technology to media companies who wished to have their media playable on the iPod or Apple TV, with the protection of FairPlay DRM, but without having to go through Apple. [5]
There are two other methods to bypass the DRM control. The first method is to burn a copy to an audio CD and then rip it. Some software products take an even simpler and more automated method which allows user to burn music to a Virtual CD-RW disc and then automatically rip and encode the music stored on the Virtual CD-R. NoteBurner M4p converter is the typical example which uses this Virtual CD-RW drive method.
The second method is to use a recording software and sound card (utilizing the so-called "analog hole"). TuneBite, Audacity and SoundTaxi are three of the most popular software tools.
Steve Jobs and DRM
On February 6, 2007, Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Inc., published an article on the Apple website calling on the "big four" music companies to sell their music without DRM [6]. According to Jobs, Apple does not want to use DRM but is forced by the four major musical labels with whom Apple negotiates contracts for iTunes. Jobs' main points were:
- DRM has never and will never be perfect. Hackers will always find a method to break DRM.
- DRM restrictions only hurt people using music legally. Illegal users aren't affected by DRM.
- The restrictions of DRM encourage users to obtain unrestricted music which is usually only possible via illegal methods.
- The vast majority of music is sold without DRM via CDs which has proven successful.
Jobs letter was met with overwhelming praise by the consumer community. Some, however, say that Jobs is only seeking positive press and that Apple will not make any real effort toward removing DRM because it encourages iPod sales. [1] Some minor labels would prefer iTunes remove DRM from their music.
On April 2, 2007, Steve Jobs and EMI anounced DRM free music for EMI's complete music library for a $0.30 premium above the standard price. This begins in May 2007.
See also
- ^ Podcast This Week in Tech