Library of Celsus
The library of Celsus was built for Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus and completed in AD 135 in Ephesus, Asia Minor (Anatolia) (now Turkey). Celsus’ son, Gaius Julius Aquila (consul AD 110), built the library in honor of his father who was consul in AD 92, former governor of Asia in AD 115, and a wealthy and popular local citizen. The library was built to store 12,000 scrolls and to serve as a monumental tomb for Celsus. It was unusual to be buried within a library or even within city limits, so this was a special honor for Celsus.
Though the building itself does not have much historical significance, it is important today because it is one of the few remaining examples of an ancient Roman influenced library. It also shows how public libraries were not only built in Rome itself, but also all throughout the empire. After a massive restoration project, which is considered to be very true to the historical building, the front façade of the building was rebuilt and now serves as a prime example of Roman architecture on public buildings.
The building itself is a single hall that faces eastward toward the sun in the morning so as to benefit those who are early risers, as Vitruvius advised. The library is built on a platform with nine steps the full width of the building leading up to three front entrances. The center entrance is larger than the two surrounding entrances and all are adorned with windows above them. Along the entrances are four pairs of Corinthian order columns raised by pedestals. Another order of columns stands directly above the first set, adding to the height of the building. The pairs of columns on the second level frame the windows as the columns on the first level frame the doors, and they also create niches where statues would have been housed. It is thought that a third set of columns may have existed as well, though today there are only two registers of columns. This type of facade with inset frames and niches for statues is similar to that found in the Roman skene (the stage building behind the orchestra), and is thus characterised as "scenographic". The other sides of the building are irrelevant architecturally because the library was surrounded by buildings on both sides.
The inside of the building, though today not fully restored, was a single rectangular room (55 feet wide by 36 feet long) with a central apse framed by a large arch at the far wall. A statue of either Celsus himself or of Athena, the goddess of wisdom, stood at the apse, and Celsus’ tomb lay directly below in a vaulted chamber. Around the other three sides were rectangular recesses that held cupboards and shelves for the 12,000 scrolls. Celsus was said to have left a legacy of 25,000 denarii to pay for all the reading material in the library. The second and third levels could be reached through a set of stairs built into the walls to add support to the building and had similar niches for scrolls. The ceiling was flat and there may have been a central square oculus to provide more light.
The style of the library, with an ornate, balanced, and well-planned façade, reflects the Greek influence on roman architecture. The materials used to create the building, brick, concrete, and mortared rubble, signify the new materials that came about in the Roman empire around the 2nd century A.D.
See also
References
Boethius, Axel (1970). Etruscan and Roman Architecture: The Pelican History of Art. Harmondsworth: Penguin. p. 397. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Grant, Michael (1995). Art in the Roman Empire. London: Routledge. pp. 48–50. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
Robertson, D.S. (1964). Greek and Roman Architecture. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 289–290. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
Scarre, Christopher (1995). The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome. London: Penguin. p. 76. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
"Greece and Asia Minor". The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. XI, The High Empire AD 70-192. Cambridge University Press. pp. 618–619, 631.
"Library, Rome". The Brill’s New Pauly Encyclopedia of the Ancient World. Vol. 7, K–LYC. Brill Leiden. 2005. p. 502.