Inker
The inker is one of the two line artists in a traditional comic book, or graphic novel. After the penciler gives a drawing (or copy of the drawing) to the inker, the inker uses black ink, usually India ink, to produce refined black outlines over the rough pencil lines. The ink may be applied with a pen or a brush, and many inkers use both. The inker is usually responsible for every black line on the page, except for letters, which are handled by a letterer. In comic strips, as well as Japanese manga, one artist takes responsibility for penciling, inking and lettering, either doing it all him or herself (as for example Charles M. Schulz) or hiring assistants. For comics printed in color, there is usually a separate colorist.
Although proper inking is critical to giving comic artwork a professional look, it is often seen as more technical than penciling and is less glamorous, as many inkers go unrecognized. This image has been parodied in the Kevin Smith movie Chasing Amy, where Banky Edwards is accused of merely "tracing" the images drawn by the penciler, Holden McNeil. While inking does involve tracing pencil lines in a literal sense, it also requires interpreting the pencils, giving proper weight to the lines, correcting mistakes, and making other creative choices. The look of a penciler's final art can vary enormously depending on the inker.
A pencil drawing can have an infinite number of shades of grey, depending on the hardness of the graphite and the pressure applied by the artist. An ink line can be only black or white. Accordingly, the inker has to translate pencil shading into patterns of ink, as for example by using closely spaced parallel lines, feathering or cross-hatching.
Some inkers will often do more than simply interpreting the pencil markings into pen and brush strokes; depending on how much detail the penciler puts into the pencil drawings, the inker might add shading or be responsible for the placement of black spaces and shadows in the final drawing, for example. An experienced inker paired with a novice penciler might be responsible for correcting anatomical or other mistakes, modifying facial expressions, or changing or improving the artwork in a variety of other ways. Alternatively, an inker may do the basic layout of the page, give the work to another artist to do more detailed pencil work, and then ink the page himself (as Joe Simon often did when inking Jack Kirby, or as Michael Gilbert collaborated with penciller Craig Russell on the Elric of Melniboné series).
The division between penciller and inker described here is most frequently found where the penciler and inker are hired independently of each other by the publisher. Where an artist instead hires his own assistants, the roles are less structured; an artist might, for example, ink all the faces of the characters while leaving the assistant to ink in the backgrounds, or work with the inker in a more collaborative fashion.
Even in traditional North American comic books, many artists regularly ink their own work: Joe Kubert and Jim Aparo would usually pencil, ink and letter, considering the placing of balloons as an integral part of the page, while artists such as Steve Ditko, Kurt Schaffenburger, Nick Cardy, and Bill Everett almost always inked their own work, sometimes inking the work of other pencilers as well.
It is possible to digitally ink using computers, a practice that is becoming more common as inkers learn to use powerful drawing and editing tools, such as Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop, Inkscape, Corel Painter, and Manga Studio. A graphics tablet is the most common tool used to accurately ink digitally, and if it is done in a vector-based program, pixelization due to changes in resolution are no longer an issue. However, the process is considered by many to be more time-consuming.
A small list of notable inkers includes Dexter Vines, Jimmy Palmiotti, Terry Austin, Art Thibert, Vince Colletta, Dick Giordano, Danny Miki, Joe Giella, Joe Rubinstein, Serge Lapointe, George Klein, Klaus Janson, Tom Palmer, Mike Allred, Brent Veal, Joe Sinnott, Murphy Anderson, Vince Deporter, Kevin Nowlan, Scott Hanna, Scott Williams, Karl Story, Sandra Hope and Rich Martin.