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Frustule

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Frustules from some algae species

A frustule is the hard and porous cell wall or external layer belonging to diatoms. The frustule is composed almost purely of silica, made from silicic acid, and is coated with a layer of organic substance, sometimes pectin, a fiber most commonly found in cell walls of plants.[1][2] The frustule's structure is composed of two overlapping sections: the epitheca overlaps the hypotheca.[1] This overlapping feature allows for the diatom to achieve limited movement. Also the overlapping allows for additional internal growth room and during the reproduction process, as the cell splits each new cell retains one half of the frustule.[3] The frustules structure also contains many pores and slits that provide the diatom access to the external environment for process such as waste removal and mucilage secretion.

Diatoms

Diatoms are phytoplankton belonging to the division Bacillariophyta. Diatoms usually rely on ocean current and wind to keep them in the upper oceanic levels as their cell wall is denser than water they would naturally sink otherwise.[3] However, in some species one function of the raphe is to secrete mucilage, which if attached to a surface will allow the diatom to move in an oozing or gliding motion, similar to that of an amoeba.[3][1]

Diatom skeletons and their uses

When diatoms die and the organic material decomposes, the frustules sink to the bottom of aquatic environments. This left over material is called diatomite and used commercially as filter, mineral fillers, in insulation material, anti-caking agents and as a fine abrasive.[4] There is also current research regarding the use of diatom frustules and their properties for the field of optics, along with other cells, such as those in butterfly scales.[2]

Mathematics of frustules

Due to the wide variety of shapes and formations that a frustule can take, certain fields of mathematics have attempted to derive a formula that can produce all of different frustules shapes observed in diatoms. One theory is that Johan Gielis’ Superformula can be applied to frustules due to its ability to produce a wide variety of shapes with relatively few parameters.[5]

Frustule formation

As the diatom prepares to separate it undergoes several processes in order to start the production of either a new hypotheca or new epitheca. Once each cell is completely separate they then have similar protection and the ability to continue frustule production.[6]

A brief and extremely simplified version can be explained as:[6]

  1. The newly formed nucleus and the pre-existing nucleus each move to the side of the diatom where the new hypotheca will be formed.
  2. A vesicle known as the silica deposition vesicle forms near the plasma membrane.
  3. This forms the center of the pattern and silica despostion can continue outward from that point, till the frustule is produced.

Regarding the Super formula

References

  1. ^ a b c http://www.ucamp.berkeley.edu/chromista/diatoms/diatommm.html
  2. ^ a b Access to articles : Nature Nanotechnology
  3. ^ a b c http://www/iscod.org/encyclopedia/Frustule
  4. ^ Diatom Frustule 2
  5. ^ Geometry and Pattern in Nature 1: Exploring the shapes of diatom frustules with Johan Gielis' Superformula
  6. ^ a b Exploring Bioinorganic Pattern Formation in Diatoms. A Story of Polarized Trafficking - Zurzolo and Bowler 127 (4): 1339 - PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
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