Symphony in C (Stravinsky)
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The Symphony in C is a work by Russian expatriate composer Igor Stravinsky.
The Symphony was written between 1938-40 on a commission from American philanthropist Mrs. Robert Woods Bliss. The symphony was written during a turbulent period of the composer's life, marked by illness and deaths in his immediate family. In 1937, Stravinsky was diagnosed with tuberculosis, which had already forced his wife and two daughters to a sanatorium in Switzerland. Stravinsky's daughter Ludmilla and wife Catherine died of their illnesses in November 1938 and March 1939, followed by Stravinsky's own quarantine and the death of his mother Anna in June 1939[1]. He also suffered a cerebral thrombosis while conducting the symphony at a 1956 concert in Berlin, Germany[2].
Stravinsky was still mourning the deaths of his family members when World War II forced him to leave Europe[3]. He had written the symphony's first two movements in France and Switzerland. Stravinsky wrote the third movement in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the fourth movement in Hollywood, California, after his emigration to the United States[4]. The symphony was premiered by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra under Stravinsky on November 7, 1940[5].
The Symphony in C is representative of Stravinsky's neoclassical period, which had been launched by his Octet and the ballet Pulcinella. The symphony has a traditional, four-movement structure and lasts approximately 30 minutes:
- Moderato alla breve (about 9 minutes)
- Larghettoconcertante (about 6 minutes)
- Allegretto (about 5 minutes)
- Largo; Tempo giusto, alla breve (about 7 minutes)
Unlike his later Symphony in Three Movements that draws from contemporary events, the Symphony in C is entirely abstract and seems a retreat into the 'pure music' styles of Bach, Beethoven, and Haydn. Stravinsky disclaims any link between his personal experiences and the symphony's content[6][7].
Regarding its style, Stravinsky acknowledges a division of the symphony into halves[8]. The first two movements, composed in Europe, use more traditional rhythmic patterns and harmonizations. The last two movements use frequent modulations of rhythm and are much more chromatic [9].
Besides Stravinsky's misfortunes, the Symphony in C has been infrequently performed; Stravinsky noted that for several years he was the only person conducting the work[10].
Notes
- ^ Phillip Huscher, Program Notes: Symphony in C (Chicago: Chicago Symphony Orchestra, 2008); Igor Stravinsky, Liner notes for Stravinsky: Symphony in Three Movements; Symphony in C; Symphony of Psalms (CBS Records MK 42434, 1963/1988), pp. 4-5.
- ^ Igor Stravinsky, Liner notes for Stravinsky: Symphony in Three Movements; Symphony in C; Symphony of Psalms (CBS Records MK 42434, 1963/1988), pp. 4–6.
- ^ Phillip Huscher, Program Notes: Symphony in C (Chicago: Chicago Symphony Orchestra, 2008); Michael Oliver, Igor Stravinsky (London: Phaidon Press Limited, 1995), p. 138.
- ^ Igor Stravinsky, Liner notes for Stravinsky: Symphony in Three Movements; Symphony in C; Symphony of Psalms (CBS Records MK 42434, 1963/1988), pp. 4-5.
- ^ Philip Huscher, Program Notes: Symphony in C (Chicago: Chicago Symphony Orchestra, 2008).
- ^ Cross, Jonathan. The Cambridge Companion to Stravinsky. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 115.
- ^ Huscher, P. Program Notes.
- ^ Stravinsky, I. Liner notes, p. 5.
- ^ Huscher, P. Program Notes.
- ^ Stravinsky, I. Liner notes. p. 5.