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Thermoacoustic heat engine

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Thermoacoustic cold air baluuns (Sonic heat pump and refrigeration or thermoacoustic heat pump and refrigeration) of which nearly all are thermoacoustic stirling engines is a technology that uses high-amplitude sound waves in a pressurized gas to pump heat from one place to another - or uses a heat temperature difference to induce sound, which can be converted to electricity with high efficiency, with a (piezoelectric) loudspeaker.

Operation

This type of heat pump or refrigerator has no ozone-depleting or toxic coolant and few moving parts. A device consisting of a series of small parallel channels, referred to as a ‘stack’, is fixed in place at a set location inside the tube. In a standing wave thermoacoustic engine, the pressure and velocity fluctuations through the stack are such that heat is given to the oscillating gas at high pressure and removed at low pressure; this satisfies Rayleigh’s criterion [1][2] for self-sustained oscillation and by this process heat is converted into acoustic power. For thermoacoustic pumps, the process is reversed. By using thermal delays in the stack, this process approximates the highly efficient Stirling Cycle, but without the cranks, sliding seals or excess weight found in Stirling engines. Ceperley (1979) [3]

Modern research and development of thermoacoustic systems is largely based upon the work of Rott (1980) [4] and later Steven Garrett, and Greg Swift (1988) [5], in which linear thermoacoustic models were developed to form a basic quantitative understanding, while commercial interest has resulted in niche applications such as small to medium scale cryogenic applications. The technology is also suitable for air-conditioning for homes, commercial buildings, vehicles and other cooling and heating applications.

Efficiency

The most efficient thermoacoustic devices built to date have an efficiency approaching 40% of the Carnot limit, or about 20% to 30% overall (depending on the heat engine temperatures). The efficiency of high-end TA engine is comparable with an average internal combustion engine, or with low-end domestic vapor compression systems (a high-end compressor by itself will yield efficiencies of up to 65% for the compression process alone, however the overall cycle efficiency will be much less, due to the Carnot limit).

Higher hot-end temperatures may be possible with TA devices because there are no moving parts, thus allowing the Carnot efficiency to be higher. This may partially offset their lower efficiency, compared to conventional heat engines, as a percentage of Carnot, thus yielding overall efficiencies similar to conventional heat engines.

"...the engine's 30% [absolute] efficiency and high reliability may make medium-sized natural-gas liquefaction plants (with a capacity of up to a million gallons per day) and residential cogeneration economically feasible..."[6]

Historical

The history of thermoacoustic hot air engines start about 1887, where Lord Rayleigh discusses the possibility of pumping heat with sound. Little further research occurred until Rott's work in 1969. [7]

A very simple thermoacoustic hot air engine is the Rijke tube invented/discovered by Pieter Rijke, that converts some heat into acoustic energy. [8]

An older thermoacoustic hot air engine, where the speaker is replaced by a working piston, is the Lamina Flow engine or Lamina Flow Beta Stirling engine. [9] [10]

Event(s)

Orest Symko began a research project in 2005 called Thermal Acoustic Piezo Energy Conversion (TAPEC). The research group has built several prototypes, including a ring-shaped model designed by student Ivan Rodriguez that currently has the highest efficiency. [11]

The development of a combined electrical generator, refrigerator based on two coupled thermoacoustic Stirling engines, has recently been disclosed. The name is SCORE (Stove for Cooking, Refrigeration and Electricity). [12] [13] Score was awarded £2M in March 2007 to research a cooking Stove that will produce electricity and cooling using the Thermo-acoustic effect for use in developing countries.

Cool Sound Industries, Inc. (CSI) is engaged in a high-tech development effort to commercialize a new line of environmentally safe Air-conditioning and Heating equipment that is not dependent upon any ozone-destroying or planet-warming fluids used by most vapor-compression systems today. Thermoacoustics can increase air-conditioning and heating efficiencies up to 80% when using electricity from the power grid and up to 100% using solar during daylight hours when cooling demands are always the highest[citation needed]. [14]

Ben and Jerry's ice cream employed the researchers at Penn State to test and develop a working prototype of a thermoacoustic refrigerator to be unveiled at Earth Day 2004. [15]

References

  1. ^ Not in the sense of angular resolution: See Lord Rayleigh (1878). "The explanation of certain acoustical phenomena". Nature (London). 18: 319–321.
  2. ^ Rayleigh's thermoacoustic criterion: "If heat be given to the air at the moment of greatest condensation, or be taken from it at the moment of greatest rarefaction, the vibration is encouraged. On the other hand, if heat be given at the moment of greatest rarefaction, or abstracted at the moment of greatest condensation, the vibration is discouraged." John Wm. Strutt, Baron Rayleigh, The Theory of Sound, 2nd ed. (London: Macmillan, 1896) (reprinted by Dover Publications (N.Y., N.Y.) in 1945), vol. 2, page 226.
  3. ^ Ceperley, P. (1979). "A pistonless Stirling engine – the travelling wave heat engine". J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 66: 1508–1513. doi:10.1121/1.383505.
  4. ^ Rott, N. (1980). "Thermoacoustics". Adv. Appl. Mech. 20 (135).
  5. ^ Swift, G.W. (1988). "Thermoacoustic engines". J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 84: 1145–1180. doi:10.1121/1.396617.
  6. ^ lanl.gov: More Efficient than Other No-Moving-Parts Heat Engines
  7. ^ Thermoacoustic Oscillations, Donald Fahey, Wave Motion & Optics, Spring 2006, Prof. Peter Timbie
  8. ^ P. L. Rijke (1859) Philosophical Magazine, 17, 419-422.
  9. ^ Robert Sier. 2002: A Simple Lamina Flow Engine Quote: "... In practice the layout is not so simple as a true acoustical heat engine requires a resonate gas circuit... The engine bears some resemblance to the thermoacoustic engine but differs in not using resonate tubes. Also unlike the Tailer "thermal lag" engine its operation requires a regenerator stack....", images
  10. ^ Videos from Youtube: Twin cylinder thermo-acoustic Stirling Engine #2, Lamina Flow Stirling Engine, Mystery Engine, Solar powered thermo-acoustic Stirling Engine
  11. ^ physorg.com: A sound way to turn heat into electricity (pdf) Quote: "...Symko says the devices won’t create noise pollution...Symko says the ring-shaped device is twice as efficient as cylindrical devices in converting heat into sound and electricity. That is because the pressure and speed of air in the ring-shaped device are always in sync, unlike in cylinder-shaped devices..."
  12. ^ May 27, 2007, Cooking with sound: new stove/generator/refrigerator combo aimed at developing nations
  13. ^ SCORE (Stove for Cooking, Refrigeration and Electricity), illustration
  14. ^ Cool Sound Industries, Inc.
  15. ^ Ben & Jerry's
  • Gardner, D. & Swift, G. (2003). "A cascade thermoacoustic engine". J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 114 (4): 1905–1919. doi:10.1121/1.1612483.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Frank Wighard "Double Acting Pulse Tube Electroacoustic System" US Patent 5,813,234

See also

External links

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