Japanese battleship Musashi
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| |
| History | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Ordered | June 1937 |
| Laid down | 29 March 1938 |
| Launched | 1 November 1940 |
| Commissioned | 5 August 1942 |
| Fate | Sunk 24 October 1944, Sibuyan Sea (12°50′N 122°35′E / 12.833°N 122.583°E)[1] |
| Stricken | 31 August 1945 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Error: {{sclass}} invalid format code: 6. Should be 0–5, or blank (help) |
| Displacement | list error: <br /> list (help) 68,200 tons 72,800(max) tons |
| Length | list error: <br /> list (help) 263 m (863 ft) overall 256 m (840 ft) waterline |
| Beam | 38.9 m (127.8 ft) |
| Draft | 11 m (36 ft) at full load |
| Propulsion | list error: <br /> list (help) 12 Kanpon boilers, driving 4 steam turbines 150,000 shp (110 MW) four 3-bladed 6.0 m propellers |
| Speed | 27.46 knots (50.86 km/h) |
| Range | list error: <br /> list (help) 7,200 nmi. at 16 kt (13,000 km at 30 km/h) |
| Complement | 2,399 |
| Armament August 1942 : |
9 × 460 mm (18.1 in) (3×3)[2] 12 × 155 mm (6.1 in) (4×3) 12 × 127 mm (5 in) (6×2)[2] 24 × 25 mm AA (8×3)[2] 4 × 13 mm (2×2)[2] |
| Armament October 1944 : |
9 × 460 mm (18.1 in) (3×3)[3] 6 × 155 mm (6.1 in) (2×3)[3] 12 × 127 mm (5 in) (6×2)[3] 130 × 25 mm AA (32×3, 34×1)[4] 4 × 13 mm (2×2)[3] |
| Armor | list error: <br /> list (help) 650 mm on front of turrets[3] 410 mm (16.1 in) side armor[3] 200 mm (8 in) central deck armor[3] 226.5 mm (9.06 in) outer deck armor[3] |
| Aircraft carried | 7, 2 catapults |
Musashi (武蔵), named after the ancient Japanese Musashi Province, was a battleship of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II, and flagship of the Japanese Combined Fleet. She was the second ship of the Yamato class. She and her sister-ship, Yamato, were the largest and heaviest battleships ever constructed, displacing 72,800 tonnes at full load, and armed with nine 46-cm (18.1-inch) main guns.
Constructed from 1938–1941 and formally commissioned in the summer of 1942, Musashi served as the flagship of Admirals Isoroku Yamamoto and Mineichi Koga in 1943. Throughout 1943, Musashi remained within the naval bases at Truk Lagoon, Kure and Brunei, transferring between them several times in response to American airstrikes on Japanese island bases. Musashi was sunk on 24 October 1944 by American carrier aircraft, during the Battle of Leyte Gulf.
Design and Construction
Musashi, named after legendary swordsman Miyamoto Musashi, was the second ship of the Yamato class heavy-battleships,[5] designed by the Imperial Japanese Navy in 1937.[4] Musashi and her sister-ships were built to be capable of engaging several opposing capital-ships simultaneously, as a method of compensating for Japan's inability to industrially match the United States Navy.[6] With each vessel of the Yamato class displacing well over 70,000 tons, it was hoped that the firepower of Musashi and her sister-ships could offset American industrial power.[5]
The keel of Musashi was laid down 29 March 1938 at Mitsubishi's Nagasaki shipyard, and was designated "Battleship No. 2".[4] Throughout construction, large hanging blinds made of hemp rope and strategically placed warehouses prevented outsiders from viewing construction.[3] The deceptions were so successful that the American Consulate—located across the bay from Musashi's construction site—was unaware of her existence during her construction.[3] Because of the vessel's size, the Nagasaki dockyards and construction equipment had to be heavily modified to fit Musashi's hull.[7] Musashi was launched 1 November 1940, with Captain (later Vice Admiral) Kaoru Arima assigned as her Chief Equipping Officer.[4]
Armament
Musashi's main battery consisted of nine 18.1 inch 40 cm/45 Type 94 naval guns—the largest caliber of naval artillery ever fitted to a warship.[8] Each gun was 21.13 metres (69.3 ft) long, weighed 147.3 metric tons (162.4 short tons), and was capable of firing high-explosive or armour-piercing shells 42.0 kilometres (26.1 mi).[9] The guns and their turrets were built at the Kure Naval Arsenal and were transported to Nagasaki by the cargo ship Kashino, which had been specifically built for this purpose.[10]
Musashi's secondary battery comprised twelve 6.1-inch (15 cm) guns mounted in four triple turrets (one forward, one aft, two midships),[8] and twelve 5-inch (13 cm) guns in six double-turrets (three on each side amidships).[8] In addition, Musashi carried twenty-four 1-inch (2.5 cm) anti-aircraft guns, primarily mounted amidships.[8] When refitted in 1944, the secondary battery configuration was changed to six 6.1-inch (15 cm) guns,[11] twenty-four 5-inch (13 cm) guns,[11] and one hundred-thirty 1-inch (2.5 cm) antiaircraft guns,[11] in preparation for naval engagements in the South Pacific.[4]
Deployment and Combat
1942: Commissioning and Sea Trials
On 5 August 1942, Musashi was commissioned at Nagasaki, with Arima Kaoru assigned as Captain; she joined Yamato, Nagato and Mutsu in the 1st Battleship Division the same day.[4] From 3–28 September 1942, Musashi was fitted out with her secondary armament, consisting of twelve 127-mm guns, thirty-six 25-mm guns and four 13.2-mm light machine guns, as well as additional radar equipment.[4]
Throughout October and November, Musashi carried out trials and gunnery-drills near Kure.[12] In December 1942, following aircraft drills with Zuikaku, Musashi was declared operational.[4]
1943: Flagship of the Combined Fleet
On 18 January 1943, Musashi departed Kure for Truk Lagoon, arriving four days later. On 11 February 1943, Musashi replaced her sister-ship Yamato as flagship of the Japanese Combined Fleet under Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto.[4] On 1 April 1943, Yamamoto departed Musashi and flew to Rabaul, New Britain, to personally direct Operation I-Go, a Japanese air offensive in the Solomon Islands.[13] Fifteen days later, acting on codes deciphered by Ultra, Yamamoto was killed when his aircraft was shot down by American fighter aircraft while he was en-route from New Britain to Ballale, Bougainville.[13] On 23 April 1943, Yamamoto's cremated remains were taken to Truk and placed in his cabin on-board Musashi where other Combined Fleet officers visited and paid their respects.[13]
On 17 May 1943, in response to American attacks on Attu Island, Musashi, along with two light carriers, nine destroyers, and two cruisers, was deployed to the northern Pacific.[4] When no contact was made with American forces, Musashi traveled to Japan and delivered Yamamoto's ashes to Kure on May 23. The ashes were taken from the vessel in preparation for a formal, state funeral[14] Immediately afterwards, Musashi joined a significantly larger force to counterattack American naval forces off of Attu. However, when Attu fell before the force could be fully deployed, the counterattack was abandoned and Musashi returned to Japan.[4]
On 24 June, while undergoing overhauling and repairs at Yokosuka, Musashi was visited by Emperor Hirohito and other high-ranking naval officials.[4] Transferring to Kure on 1 July 1943, Musashi drydocked the same day. From 1–8 July, Musashi was upgraded with improved firing control and radar. Following several transfers between the Home Islands bases, Musashi deployed to Truk on 31 July, arriving six days later.[4]
On 18 September 1943, Musashi sortied from Truk alongside three other battleships in response to American raids on Eniwetok and Brown Island.[15] Seven days later, the fleet returned to Truk without having contacted the American forces. In October, in response to suspicions of planned American raids on Wake Island, Musashi led a large fleet under Admiral Mineichi Koga—three fast carriers, six battleships and eleven cruisers—to intercept American carrier forces. When no contact was made, the fleet returned to Truk on 26 October 1943.[4] The remainder of 1943 was spent in Truk Lagoon; as her previous captain was promoted, Captain Asakura Bunji assumed command of Musashi on 7 December 1943.[4]
1944: Combat and Loss
Musashi remained in Truk Lagoon until 10 February 1944, when she returned to Yokosuka alongside three smaller vessels. On 24 February, Musashi departed Yokosuka with two specialized army battalions and their munitions for Palau.[4] The same day as she departed Japan, Musashi's battlegroup encountered a typhoon, during which the majority of the battleship's deck cargo was lost.[4] Musashi arrived at Palau on 29 February 1944, and remained at the base for the next month. On 29 March 1944, in anticipation of American air-raids on the island, Musashi departed Palau under the cover of darkness.[4] Almost immediately after leaving Palau, Musashi and her escorts were attacked by the American submarine Tunny, which fired six torpedoes at the battleship.[16] However, Musashi's escorts spotted the torpedo-wakes, and the battleship was able to evade five of the six torpedoes. One struck near the bow, flooding the hydrophone compartment and causing 18 casualties.[16]
On 3 April, Musashi arrived at Kure for repairs. From 10–22 April 1944, Musashi underwent repairs and upgrades, receiving new radar, depth-charge rails, and increased antiaircraft capabilities.[4] When she undocked on 22 April, Musashi's secondary battery was composed of six 6.1-inch guns, 12 5-inch guns, one hundred-thirty 25-mm guns, and four 13-mm machine-guns.[4]
In May 1944, Musashi departed Kure for Okinawa, then Tawitawi alongside the Japanese Second Fleet—under the command of Vice-Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa. On 10 June 1944, Musashi departed Tawitawi for Biak, with the intention of counter-attacking the American invasion of the island.[17] Two days later, when word reached Ozawa of American attacks on Saipan, the Second Fleet diverted from Biak to the Mariana Islands.[17] During the Battle of the Philippine Sea, Musashi escorted fast carriers of the Japanese Second Fleet.[18] Following Japan's disastrous defeat in the battle—during which some 450 aircraft and two fast carriers were lost—the Second Fleet returned to Japan. On 10 July 1944, Musashi departed Okinawa for Singapore, alongside her sister-ship Yamato.[4]
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On 18 October 1944, Musashi joined the main Japanese fleet in Brunei, in preparation for Operation Sho-1, the counterattack planned against the American landings at Leyte.[19] The Japanese plan called for Ozawa's carrier forces to lure the American carrier fleets north of Leyte so that the Central Force, under the command of Vice-Admiral Takeo Kurita, could enter Leyte Gulf and destroy American forces landing on the island.[19] With this objective, five battleships, including Musashi, and ten heavy cruisers departed Brunei for the Philippines on 20 October.[4]
Soon after departing Brunei, two American submarines torpedoed and sank two of Kurita's heavy-cruisers, including Kurita's flagship Atago; forcing Kurita to transfer his flag to Yamato.[20] On 24 October 1944, Kurita's centre force came under heavy air-attack while transiting the Sibuyan Sea by five separate strikes of American carrier task forces.[21] Early in the assaults, American carrier pilots—primarily from the Essex, Franklin and Intrepid—learned to capitalize on Musashi's armour deficiencies near the bow, heavily damaging the battleship in the first three raids, and forcing her to slow to 10 knots.[21] When it became apparent that the ship could not sustain further damage, her captain, Rear Admiral Inoguchi, attempted to run her aground on a nearby island.[22] Musashi sank at 19:36,[4] however, having been overwhelmed by seventeen bomb and nineteen torpedoes hits.[22] 1,023 of her 2,399-man crew died, with the remainder being rescued by Japanese destroyers several hours later.[22] Eighteen American aircraft were lost in the attack.
References
Notes
- ^ Jentshura (1977), p. 39.
- ^ a b c d Jackson (2000), p. 74
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Johnston and McAuley (2000), p. 123 Cite error: The named reference "johnston123" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Combined Fleet - tabular history of Musashi". Parshall, Jon; Bob Hackett, Sander Kingsepp, & Allyn Nevitt. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
- ^ a b Schom (2004), p. 43
- ^ Willmott (2000), p. 35; in 1937, the Japanese Empire produced 3.5% of the world's industrial output, while the United States produced 35%
- ^ Johnston and McAuley (2000), p. 123. Cranes capable of lifting 350 tonnes had to be specially designed for both battleships
- ^ a b c d Jackson (2000), p. 75
- ^ Johnston and McAuley (2000), p. 123 - each of the three main turrets weighed more than a good-sized destroyer.
- ^ Hackett, Bob (2009). "KYUHEIKAN! Stories of the IJN's Ammunition Ships". Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Johnston and McAuley (2000), p. 180
- ^ Wheeler (1980), p. 59
- ^ a b c Thompson (2001), p. 237
- ^ Thompson (2001), p. 238
- ^ Reynolds (1982), p. 136
- ^ a b Wheeler (1980), p. 137
- ^ a b Steinberg (1978), p. 147
- ^ Steinberg (1978), p. 167
- ^ a b Steinberg (1980), p. 50
- ^ Steinberg (1980), p. 51
- ^ a b Steinberg (1980), p. 54
- ^ a b c Steinberg (1980), p. 55
References
- Jackson, Robert (2000). The World's Great Battleships. Brown Books. ISBN 1-89788-460-5
- Jentschura, Hansgeorg (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Johnston, Ian & McAuley, Rob (2000). The Battleships. MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7603-1018-1
- Reynolds, Clark G (1982). The Carrier War. Time-Life Books. ISBN 0-80943-304-4
- Schom, Alan (2004). The Eagle and the Rising Sun; The Japanese-American War, 1941-1943. Norton & Company. ISBN 2-00201-594-1
- Steinberg, Rafael (1978). Island Hopping. Time-Life Books Inc.
- Steinberg, Rafael (1980). Return to the Philippines. Time-Life Books Inc. ISBN 0-80942-516-5
- Thompson, Robert S. (2001). Empires on the Pacific: World War II and the struggle for mastery of Asia. New York. Basic Books. ISBN 2001036561
- Wheeler, Keith (1980). War Under the Pacific. Time-Life Books. ISBN 0-8094-3376-1
- Willmott, H.P. (2000). The Second World War in the Far East. Wellington House. ISBN 2004049199.
External links
