Marian Munteanu
Marian Munteanu | |
|---|---|
| File:MarianMunteanu.jpg | |
| Occupation | Professor, researcher |
Marian Teofan Dragoş Munteanu (born on 19 June 1962, commune Grădiştea, Giurgiu) is a Romanian ethnologist, professor and contemporary civic activist. Being a member of the resistance against the communist dictatorship, he was one of the most important representatives of the movements for civil rights, for the establishment of democracy in Romania (1989-1991), and also the leader of the students demonstration from the University Square, 1990. He is the author of researches and ethnology, anthropology and folklore studies, configuring an ethnology of freedom.
Family
Marian Munteanu was born in a family of intellectuals with Moldavian and Aromanian roots.
His father, engineer Vladimir Munteanu (1930-1992), was from Southern Basarabia (Chilia Nouã, Ismail County) and his mother, Maria Munteanu, Romanian language teacher, born in 1940 in Piatra Neamt, Neamt County, descends, on her mother's family line, from an old Aromanian family (Moga).
His grandfather, from his father line of the family, Teofan Munteanu, teacher and Romanian army officer was a political prisoner (1940-1956) being held in Vorkuta and Norilsk concentration camps (Siberia).
Before 1989, neither his parents nor his grandparents were ever actively involved in any political activities as party members.
Education
Marian Munteanu graduated the Philology-History „Central School“ in Bucharest and then The Faculty of Letters, University of Bucharest, Romanian-Portuguese specialization (1991).
Marian Munteanu spent a part of his youth near the thinker Petre Ţuţea.[1]
He received the guidance of his professors George Munteanu, Ernest Bernea, Dumitru Stăniloae and Mihai Pop, and he obtained the title of doctor in philology under the scientific coordination of Professor Silviu Angelescu.
In 1993 he participated in an internship on political and governmental sciences, with a scholarship at National Forum Foundation (Admiral Jeremiah Denton Foundation).
In 2005 he becomes Bucharest University Doctor, specialized in ethnology and folklore (magna cum laude, 2005),[2] with the thesis "The Folklore of detention - The idea of freedom in traditional Romanian culture”.
Professional and Scientific Activities
Marian Munteanu was involved in intensive ethnological field researches and studies in Suceava, Neamţ, Hunedoara, Timoc, Făgăraş, Vrancea regions. Afterwards he continued the research activities as a student at the Bucharest University. In Fãgãras and Vrancea regions he worked in research-teams under the supervision of Professor Mihai Pop.[3]
Since 1999 he teaches Ethnology, Anthropology, Folklore and History of Religions courses at the Bucharest University, the Faculty of Letters.
Marian Munteanu is a member of The Romanian Association of Ethnological Sciences (ASER) and Editor of CERC Ethnology Publication (Romanian Contemporary Ethnological Researches).
In time he worked at various consulting firms as an expert in human resources and management, as well as in the editorial area.
Published works
Volumes, studies, dialogues (a selection)
The Folklore of Detention. The Forms of Freedom Deprivation in Folklore Study, Typology, Anthology and Glossary, Valahia Publishing House, 2007-2008.[4]
The poetry of Resistance, Clio Publishing House, Bucharest, 1999. A critical study of literature history.[5]
"Orthodoxy is the future of mankind". Advice and Guidance for Youth by Father Stăniloaie, addressed in a dialogue with Marian Munteanu, Valahia Publishing House, 2000.
Revolution and restoration- study published, in series, in Ziua (The Day) newspaper in December 2001 - January 2002
Coordinated Editions, Forewords (a selection)
• Tache Papahagi, Antologie aromânească, (Aromanian Anthology), Scrisul Românesc Publishing House, Craiova, 2008, (foreword) (prefaţă)
• Nicolae Iorga, Caracterul comun al instituţiilor din Sud-Estul Europei, (The Common Features of South-East European Institutions), Valahia Publishing House, Bucharest, 2008 (coordinated edition)
• Dionisie Fotino, Istoria Daciei, (History of Dacia), Valahia Publishing House, Bucharest, 2008 (coordinated edition)
• *** CERC - Cercetări Etnologice Româneşti Contemporane, (Romanian Contemporary Ethnological Researches), Ethnology Publication, 2005 - 2008 (coordinated edition)
• Dr. Dragoş Nicolescu, Morala medicului (Tratat de etică medicală), (The Medical Doctor's Morals - Medical Ethics Treaty), Valahia Publishing House, Bucureşti, 2006 (coordinated edition)
• Prea Fericitul Teoctist, Patriarhul românilor de pretutindeni,( His Beatitude Teoctist, the Patriarch of Romanians from all over the World), Euxinus, 2005 (afterword)
• Gavrilă Filichi, Ziua a cincisprezecea (15 Noiembrie 1987, Braşov, România. O mărturie), (The Fifteenth Day, November 15 1987 Brasov Romania - A Testimony,Lamura, Bucharest, 1994 (coordinated edition)
• Petre Ţuţea, Între Dumnezeu şi neamul meu,(Between God and My People), Anastasia Foundation, The Graphic Art Publishing House, Bucharest, 1992 (foreword and afterword)
Civic Activities
The Anticommunist Resistance (1985-1989)
During the last years of the communist regime he initiates and coordinates anticommunist resistance activities. He gathers and organizes groups of young people, promoting, especially in students' environment, Romanian cultural landmarks and values that were otherwise forbidden or isolated during the communist regime. [3][6] He frequently meets with one of the most prestigious groups of intellectuals of those times, formed around Petre Tutea, [7][8] well-known and strong opponent of the communist regime. He keeps in touch with cultural personalities such as Ioan Alexandru, [7] Dumitru Stãniloae, Ernest Bernea, George Munteanu a.o. [1]
He also organizes debates and workshops promoting subjects and themes frequently censored or approached by forbidden authors during the communist years, such as: Nicolae Iorga, Nae Ionescu, Mircea Vulcãnescu, Mircea Eliade, Dumitru Stãniloae, Ernest Bernea, Emil Cioran, Petre Tutea a.o.
During the period 1988-1989 is repeatedly arrested and interrogated, being mostly targeted for "Christian propaganda, hostile to the Marxist and Leninist ideology". The main accusation brought to him is being a disciple of Petre Tutea. [9][7]Despite de pressure and threats, he refuses to collaborate with Securitate (the communist political police).[10]
The December 1989 Revolution
Marian Munteanu actively participated at the December 1989 Romanian Revolution. He was one of the first members of the "21st December" Association, [11] together with Lucian Mihai, Dragos Pâslaru, a.o., active participants at the anticommunist demonstrations from 21-22 December 1989. Presently, he is not involved in any way in the activity of the Association, which radically differs as membership and public representation from the Association founded in December 1989. Munteanu did not accept and does not own a "revolutionary certificate" and publicly stated his disapproval towards the course of action taken by the authorities after the Revolution - granting privileges [12] to a large number of persons as an alleged "reward" for their participation (often not proven) )[13] at the popular revolt from December 1989.
The Students’ League(1989-1991)
In December 23 1989, he establishes the National Association “Students' League”, becoming its first President and remaining in this position until his graduation in 1991.
Having this position, he organizes numerous civic activities, often militating for the reconstruction of the Romanian society, for democratic values and for a law based state, for protecting the citizens fundamental liberties and rights.
Was the main coordinator of the University square demonstration (April - May 1990) and of the national students' strike from December 1990.
In March 1991, he was appointed Honorific President of the Students' League. [14]
The University Square (1990)
He initiated and coordinated the students' demonstration from the University Square. The demonstration was intended and also implemented as peaceful and non-violent, [15] Marian Munteanu being the main promoter of a non-violent civic attitude in post Revolution Romania, [16]
He was the most prominent leader of the anticommunist protests from 1990 that were violently terminated by the miners' intervention during the Petre Roman Government and Ion Iliescu's Presidency.
Regarding the events from The University Square, the writer Eugen Ionesco pointed out: “Deşteaptă-te române(Awaken Romanian) is an old song, but the real awakening happened now. I believe the young people from the University Square, leaded by Marian Munteanu, are the real heroes. They wanted freedom and they still do, they wanted honesty. They said nothing but the truth. They are, as the French say «en quete de la liberté», questing for freedom and they will find it. I am with them. Living here I said many times, that I have forgotten about Romania; but now I have again the heart of a Romanian… There, in Romania, they weren’t fakeing, people were alive and died there. And I also know that violence wasn’t encouraged in the Square, but, on the contrary, Marian Munteanu asked for free discussions and truth. .”[17]
Perceived by the political power of that time as a possible threat, mainly due to his popularity and the sympathy gained during the University Square demonstrations, he was arrested on June 13th 1990, released during the same afternoon and then held captive and brutally beaten in the morning of June 14th, 1990, in the University headquarter building, by the miners coordinated by the law enforcement contingents and the central state establishment representatives. Marian Munteanu was transported to the hospital in critical condition (clinic death), [18] After only 4 days he was again arrested abusively [19] and held as political prisoner at Jilava. [20]
He was released after two months of detention, as a result of national and international involvement. Political personalities as well as representatives of prestigious international organizations [21] generated a powerful international reaction. [22] In the same time, on a local level, hundreds of thousands of persons marched peacefully for his release in Bucharest and in other major cities - the Bucharest March was called "the White March" and was held on July 13th 1990.
The Civic Alliance (1990)
In December 1989 he participated at founding the Civic Alliance and was elected the association's first President. [23] Shortly after this appointment, being in disapproval with the majority of the Board of Directors members (dominated by GDS - The Group for Social Dialogue, a controversial leftish association from Bucharest), he resigned[24] and withdrew altogether from the Alliance. [25] Afterwards, the Civic Alliance would become a political party [26] and an annex to the political system, practically disappearing from the public life. .[27]
The Movement for Romania (1992-1995)
After the new democratic Constitution was adopted (November 1991), he founded a Cultural-Political Youth Organization called "The Movement for Romania" and having a national-democratic ideological orientation. This organization had a short active period (1992-1995).
The Movement intended to implement a program of selecting and preparing young persons, in order to sustain a healthy process of refreshing the political class. One of the main features of the movement was having as promoting criteria professional competency and professionalism. One of the organization goals was to later establish a political party of national-democratic ideological orientation, a doctrine formulated and sustained by Marian Munteanu [28], starting from the old model first proposed by Nicolae Iorga (in Romania, during the 20s) and barring influences from Western political parties. An outstanding element (but highly criticized by the politicians of those times as "elitist" and even "extremist") was introducing the political competency examination as a condition to join the Movement. The only high profile leaders who showed understanding and saluted the initiative of this new organization were two highly respected political personalities: Corneliu Coposu[29] and Alexandru Bârlãdeanu.
This was rapidly followed by a concerted and very well instrumented denigration campaign. It became clear by that time that the association initiative would be rejected by the great majority of the political parties which, lacking an electoral pool in the youth target sector, perceived this initiative as a potential strong competitor. The denigration campaign went as far as formulating official "extremism" accusations against the association. SRI (Romanian secret service) and the Attorney General Office initiated an enquiry at the request of those handling the denigration campaign. The result of the enquiry clearly pointed out that there was no trace of "extremism", [30] in the association structure and instruments but by that time it was already too late. The political parties had reached their goal by labeling the association in the public eye and opinion, and by successfully inducing a public opinion attitude of doubt and mistrust, on the national, and most importantly, international arena.
Lacking any significant means of promptly addressing the public opinion, being banned from all media, and also lacking material resources (the great majority of the association members were students or young graduates without any substantial income or other material support), the association ceased to activate in 1995.
The Economic and Social Dialogue (1995-2006)]
After 4 years of actively being involved in economic activities (1995-1999) Marian Munteanu is elected Vice-president of the National Confederation of the Romanian Employers' Organization (CNPR). He represents the organization (1999-2006), as a member of the Social Dialogue Committees, in the tripartite dialogue, in areas coordinated by the Ministries of Education, Culture and Labor. Also, he represents Romania, in 2000, at the International Labor Congress from Geneva. In 2000 he was also elected Vice-president of the General Romanian Industrialists Union (UGIR); in this capacity he was delegated to attend the International Congress of Entrepreneurs and Industrialists (Vilnius, 2000 as well as Moscow, 2001) and was member of CIII Council.
The League for Cultural Unity of Worldwide Romanians (from 2000)
Since 2000 he has been participating at the activities organized and coordinated by the League. In 2002 he is elected Vice President of this cultural organisation.
Euxinus Foudation(since 2003)
In June 2003 he founded the Euxinus Foundation, an NGO activating in cultural and humanitarian areas. Having this position, he has been participating at various activities focused on promoting and supporting strong moral values as well as the inter - confessional laic dialogue on the international arena.
Political Activities
Marian Munteanu is not a member of any political party. Also, he did not have any public positions or titles. All his titles and positions in various civic organizations or NGOs were honorific (not involving any retribution).
During the communist dictatorship he was formally a member of the political organizations from the educational system (1970-1989). He was a member of the Youth’s Organizations (The Pioneers Organization, The Union of The Communist Youth, The communist Students Association) which included almost all young Romanian people from those years. [31] His colleagues chose him as an ASC representative of his year of study. (the equivalent of the current “head of an year”). In The IInd year of faculty, at his professors proposal (he finished the Ist year with the mark 9,87), he became a member of The Party Organization from the Faculty of Philology,[3] a necessity in following up a university career in those years.[32] He didn’t have any position in PCR.[33]
The Movement for Romania (1992-1995)
Marian Munteanu's first political initiative, in the context of the newly adopted Constitution (1991), was the Cultural-Political Youth Organization “Mişcarea pentru România” (The Movement for Romania) (see, above, Civic Activities). The main organization's goal was to later establish a political party with a national-democratic ideological orientation (inspired by the model first proposed by Nicolae Iorga in between the two World Wars). The initiative remained just a project due to the massive denigration campaign it was submitted to ever since it was founded, as well as due to the serious lack of material resources needed for a strong institutional system.
Party of Romanians’ National Unity PUNR – The National Alliance (aug.-sept. 2000)
In 2000, Marian Munteanu was again about to ready to get involved in the politic life. This time the proposition came from Mircea Druc, former Prime Minister of the Republic of Moldavia and, at that time, President of the National Council of the Party of Romanians National Unity - PUNR. He approached Marian Munteanu with the proposition of running for President of Romania, ensuring PUNR political support for this initiative. The entire body of party leaders confirmed the proposition (at that time the elected President was Mr. Valeriu Tabara).
Munteanu elaborated a political platform[34] mainly focused on regenerating and revitalizing the political class by promoting a new generation of specialists and experts formed and trained after 1989. In this spirit he publicly declared that if the party congress would pass and support his platform and project, he will become a member of PUNR and will candidate on the party's lists, with the intent to support the new political initiative.[35]
Shortly after, PUNR founded the National Alliance, political entity formed as a result of the merge between PUNR and PNR (The National Romanian Party, Presided by Virgil Magureanu).
Although the Alliance's Congress initially accepted the program elaborated by Marian Munteanu, the executive leadership excluded all young candidates from the electoral lists for Parliament. Under such circumstances, Marian Munteanu refused to become a party member, withdrew as a candidate and did not participate at the elections. [36]
The National Alliance got a less than satisfactory electoral score (1%) and disappeared. Its main leaders (Valeriu Tabără [37], Mircea Druc [38], Dorin Iacob [39] a.o.) joined the Democratic Party - PD - presided by Traian Bãsescu (presently President of Romania).
Economic Activities
Marian Munteanu founded, in 1995, a Human Resources Agency, where he worked during the 1995-1999 period, as manager and consultant. During the 1995-2000 period, he was also a shareholder in some other SMEs activating in economic areas such as publishing, consultancy, marketing, advertising, constructions.
Starting with 2000 he withdrew from the economic activities he was involved in, as well as from the managerial activities, and sold the great majority of his shares. Presently owns shares in two companies (consultancy companies) being a minority shareholder (these shares are also in a process of being sold).
References
- Iordan Datcu, Folclorul Detenţiei -(The Folklore of Detention)- review published in the magazine „România Literară”, (The Literary Romania), no. 34, 29.08-05.09.2008;
- Conf. univ. dr. Constantin Mălinaş, Folclorul detenţiei la români - (The Folklore of Detention in Romanian Communities) - review published in the online magazines „România Vip”, 17.02.2009 and AGERO, the magazine of the Romanian - German Association (Deutsch-Rumänischer Verein e.V. Stuttgart), Stuttgart, February 2009;
- Monica Andronescu, Folclor făr' de libertate - (Folklore with no freedom), - review published in "Ziua" (The Day) newspaper, no. 4268 from 26 June 2008;
- Claudiu Târziu, Prietenii platite cu 13 ani de gherlă – (Friendships paid through 13 years of prison), "Cotidianul" (The Daily Newspaper), 18.10.2006 - Interview with the writer Marcel Petrişor;
- Carmen Dragomir, „Petre Ţuţea şi alţii”, capodopera Securităţii - (Petre Ţuţea and Others, The Securitate's masterpiece) - article published in "Jurnalul Naţional" (The National Journal), no. 4915, 21.01.2009;
- Carmen Dragomir, Ţuţea şi grupul de disidenţă - (Ţuţea and the Dissidence Group), article published in "Jurnalul Naţional" (The National Journal), no. 4916, 22.01.2009;
- Ion Cristoiu, România cu ochi albaştri - Petre Ţuţea a pus Securitatea în alertă, (Romania with blue eyes - Petre Ţuţea has alerted the Securitate (Intelligence Service)) - article published in „Jurnalul Naţional” (The National Journal), 19.09.2006;
- Traian Călin Uba, Cine este Marian Munteanu, (Who is Marian Munteanu), investigation published in the daily newspaper Romania liberă (The Free Romania), 25-27.07.1990. Testimonials of his professors: George Frâncu, George Munteanu, Octav Păun, Emanuel Vasiliu s.o. and of some of his colleagues (Mugur Vasiliu, Mihai Moţoc s.o.);
- Frank Wolf, SUA Congressman, Încălcarea continuă a drepturilor omului în România - (Continuing Human Rights Violations in Romania) - speech, delivered in the USA Congress on 20.07.1990, regarding the oppression of the University Square protests and the arrest of Marian Munteanu;
- Tad Szulc, Mesaje din Europa de Est, (Dispatches From Eastern Europe) - article published in "National Geographic", march 1991;
- Romulus Cristea, Studenţii şi Piaţa Universităţii, (The Students and The University Square), - article published in "România liberă" (The Free Romania) newspaper, 10.05.2006;
- Romulus Cristea, Minerii au terorizat Capitala, (The Miners Terrorized The Capital), - article published in "România liberă" (The Free Romania) newspaper, 12.06.2006;
- Liviu Iolu, Ortacul care a încercat să-i ia capul lui Marian Munteanu, (The Miner who tried to behead Marian Munteanu), article published in "Evenimentul zilei" (The Event of the Day) newspaper, 27.06.2005 and republished on HotNews.ro;
- Lidia Popeangă, Al. Racoviceanu, Dosarul lui Marian Munteanu a fost contrafăcut de SRI, (Marian Munteanu's Data File was Counterfeited by SRI(Romanian Intelligence Service)), - article published in "National" (National) newspaper, no. 70, 04.09.1997;
- Lidia Popeangă, Al. Racoviceanu, Dosarul lui Munteanu, contrafăcut de SRI, (Marian Munteanu's Data File was Counterfeited by SRI (Romanian Intelligence Service)), - article published in "Gardianul" (The Guardian) newspaper, 17.06.2005;
- Ion Cristoiu, Gestul exemplar al lui Marian Munteanu, ( The Outstanding Gesture of Marian Munteanu), - editorial published in "Azi" (Today) newspaper, no. 2381 on 25.10.2000;
- Domniţa Ştefănescu, Cinci ani din istoria României, (Five years from Romania's History), The writing machine Publishing House, 1995 - a chronology of the events happened during 1989-1994;
- Gheorghe Dumbrăveanu (coordinating editor), Piaţa Universităţii, (The University Square), Coresi Printing Center, Bucharest, - anthology of interviews and reports;
- Personalităţi publice-politice, decembrie 1989-septembrie 1992, (Public-political personalities, December 1989-September 1992), first edition, Holding Reporter Publishing House, Bucharest, 1993 - Dictionary;
- Piaţa Universităţii - România, (The University Square - Romania), movie directed by Stere Gulea and Sorin Ilieşiu.
- George Rădulescu, Fără Piaţa Universităţii, am fi avut soarta Moldovei - (Without The University Square we would have had the fate of Moldova) - dialogue published in “Adevărul”, (The Truth) 10 July 2009.
Notes
- ^ Alex. Stefănescu, Petre Tutea, www.tutea.ro ● Claudiu Târziu, Friendships paid through 13 years of prison, "Cotidianul",(The Daily Newspaper), 18.10.2006 – interview with the writer Marcel Petrişor ● Ioana Diaconescu, The writers from CNSAS's Archive - Petre Ţuţea surrounded by the Securitate, "România Literară", (The Literary Romania) No. 51, 28.12.2007-03.01.2008 ● Carmen Dragomir, For the people working at Securitate to hear, Petre Ţuţea curses Ceauşescu's depreciators - article published in "Jurnalul Naţional",(The National Journal) 18.02.2009.
- ^ Doctor's Degree, granted by The University of Bucharest.
- ^ a b c Traian Călin Uba, Who is Marian Munteanu, investigation published in the daily newspaper "România Liberă",(The Free Romania) 25-27.07.1990. Testimonials of his professors: George Frâncu, George Munteanu, Octav Păun, Emanuel Vasiliu s.o. and of some of his colleagues (Mugur Vasiliu, Mihai Moţoc s.o.)
- ^ Iordan Datcu, The Folklore of Detention - review published in „România Literară”, (The Literary Romania) no. 34, 29.08-05.09.2008.
- ^ Graduation Paper, Faculty of Letters, University of Bucharest, 1991, originally published (fragments) in the magazine “Noua Revistă Română”, (The New Romanian magazine) Buc., 1996.
- ^ Marin Marian, Mariane, "Dreptatea", (The Justice) 07.07.1990
- ^ a b c Victor Negară, Specifications…], Christliche Europa für Kunst - Kultur - Social und Politik. Romanian-German Intercultural Dialogue, 10.08.2006.
- ^ Carmen Dragomir, Ţuţea and the Disidence Group - article published in "Jurnalul Naţional", (The National Journal) no. 4916, 22.01.2009
- ^ Claudiu Târziu, Friendships paid through 13 years of prison, "Cotidianul", (The Daily Newspaper) 18.10.2006 – Interview with the writer Marcel Petrişor ● Ioana Diaconescu, The Writers from CNSAS's Archive - Petre Ţuţea surrounded by The Securitate, "România Literară", (The Literary Romania) No. 51, 28.12.2007 – 03.01.2008 ● Ion Coja, The Great Manipulator and the assassination of Culianu, Ceauşescu, Iorga, VIIth chapter.
- ^ The Collaboration between Iliescu and The Securitate (the communist political police) will remain an enigma, Ziarul de Iaşi, (The Newspaper in Iasi) 22.11.2000 (the declaration belonging to one of the students arrested by The Securitate for his relationship with Petre Ţuţea).
- ^ Member Admission in he "21st December" Association.
- ^ Gelu Ispas, A remarkable person involved in the tragic events of four years ago, Marian Munteanu declaires…, "Libertatea", (The Freedom) no. 1349, 14.06.1994: “[Marian Munteanu] stated that the manner in which certain revolutionary associations act is likely to jeopardize "the beautiful things that have happened in December". "I was intrigued that some people have applied for privileges because they fought", said [Marian Munteanu] stating that, personally, he does not possess such a diploma considered by him a "disgrace", shame from which God guarded him.”
- ^ Simona Fica, Roxana Orcea, The Revolution of the bribes, "Ziarul", (The Newspaper) 29.03.2008 ● 800 revolutionaries more, The Event of the Day, 19.12.2006 ● Adrian Popescu, The revolutionary-delinquent "Falconetti" - busted by the cops from Brasov under the eyes of the journalists, "Adevărul", (The Truth) 29.07.2004
- ^ The Students' League, Chronology.
- ^ Romulus Cristea, The Students and The University Square - article published in „România Liberă”, (The Free Romania) 10.05.2006 ● Taina Duţescu-Coliban, It is not Marian Munteanu the one who should be judged, Phoenix, 9-15.07.1990.
- ^ Dora Mezdrea, Marian Munteanu's case, „Dreptatea”, (The Justice) no. 129, 13.07.1990 ● George Achim, A crucified, „Dreptatea”, (The Justice) no. 140, 26.07.1990.
- ^ Gheorghe Dumbrăveanu (coordinating editor), The University Square, R.A. Coresi Printing Center, Bucharest – anthology of interviews and reports, p.100-101.
- ^ Tad Szulc, Dispatches From Eastern Europe - article published in "National Geographic", March 1991 ● Alin Alexandru, Eyewitness, Expres, 22-28.06.1990 ● Alin Rus, Miners' protests. Between political handling and labor solidarity., Curtea Veche Publishing House, Bucharest, 2007 ● Liviu Iolu, The Miner who tried to behead Marian Munteanu - article published in „Evenimentul Zilei”, (The Event of the Day) 27.06.2005.
- ^ Lidia Popeangă, Al. Racoviceanu, Marian Munteanu's Data File was Counterfeited by SRI (Romanian Intelligence Service - article published in „National” newspaper, no. 70, 04.09.1997 ● Lidia Popeangă, Al. Racoviceanu, Marian Munteanu's Data File was Counterfeited by SRI (Romanian Intelligence Service - article published in „Gardianul”, (The Guardian) 17.06.2005.
- ^ Simion Buia Jr., Arrests, „România Liberă”, (The Free Romania) 20.06.1990.
- ^ Call in the defense of Marian Munteanu, „România Liberă”, (The Free Romania), 1.08.1990; among signatories: Eugen Ionesco, Bertrand Poirot-Delpech, Jacques Soustelle (members of The French Academy), E. M. Cioran, Paul Goma, Corneliu Coposu, Ioan Alexandru, Ştefan Augustin Doinaş, Alexandru Paleologu, Horia Bernea, Sorin Dumitrescu, Monica Lovinescu s.o.
- ^ Frank Wolf, USA Congressman, Continuing Human Rights Violations in Romania - speech, delivered in the USA Congress on 20.07.1990, regarding the oppression of the University Square protests and the arrest of Marian Munteanu ● Florian Mihalcea, Amnesty International defends Marian Munteanu, “Timişoara” newspaper, 14.07.1990.
- ^ Florin Gabriel Mărculescu, The press conference of the Civic Alliance, “România Liberă”, (The Free Romania) 18.12.1990.
- ^ Marian Munteanu resigned the office of president of The Alliance, “Evenimentul”, (The Event) 28.12.1990.
- ^ Ilinca Cioculescu, Marian Munteanu resigns from The Civic Alliance, “Cotidianul”, (The Daily Newspaper) 8.07.1991.
- ^ Interview with Mona Muscă], “Evenimentul Zilei”, (The Event of The Day) 27.02.2007.
- ^ Sorin Roşca Stănescu, The Civic Alliance dies. Or has already died. While Ana Blandiana protests, “Ziua”, (The Day) No. 1492, 24.05.1999. It can also be consulted on Marian Munteanu's personal homepage Revolution and restoration], chapter “Vatra Civică”.
- ^ The statute and The program of the organization "The Movement for Romania" , 10 December 1991, submitted to the Bucharest Court (File 31/P/1991); the magazine “Mişcarea”, (The Movement) February, 1992.
- ^ Interview with mister Corneliu Coposu, publication “Mişcarea”, (The Movement) March, 1992.
- ^ Domniţa Ştefănescu, Five years from Romanian History, Maşina de scris Publishing House, 1995, p. 348 – story on the General Prosecutor's press release.
- ^ “Any young man who had the age of 14 years old could become a member of UTC… According to the valid status in 1989, a romanian citizen could have been a member of UTC until having the age of 30… In 1988, UTC had a little over 4 million members.” Cristina Diac, UTC's file history, "Jurnalul Naţional", (The National Journal) 04.05.2009. The population of Romania in age group 15-29 years was approximately 4.5 million (according to the National Institute of Statistics). So, the members of UTC represented approximately 89 % of young people aged between 15-29 years. The remaining 11% consisted, in particular, of youth out of school and / or out of state enterprises (coming mostly from rural areas), where there wasn't or didn't function any UTC organization , as well as active members (clergy, personnel, etc.). of religious cults and , also, people with criminal history who had no right to be members of UTC.
- ^ “The mass of members [of the Romanian Communist Party], nearly four million ... consisted of people who were forced to enter the party due to the rigors imposed by the regime.As the romanian society was built on the reign of Ceauşescu, if someone wanted to work at a newspaper should become a member of the party, if someone wished to register to PhD studies should obtain the recommendation of the Party Committee, to have any management position in an enterprise, it was required to get into the party s.o.“ – Aurel Dragoş Munteanu, "Daciada" with 4 million members] "Jurnalul Naţional", (The National Journal) 20.09.2006
- ^ With extremely rare exceptions, almost all university professors (including assistants) were members of the party organization from each Faculty. It can also be consulted the interview conducted by Roland Cătălin Pena, Romania needs the energy and the competence of its youth, "Ziua", (The Day) No. 1933, 21.10.2000.
- ^ Marian Munteanu, Our mission – to save the Romanian state, political program, September, 2000.
- ^ Roland Cătălin Pena, Romania needs the energy and the competence of it's youth, Interview with Marian Munteanu, „Ziua”, (The Day) No. 1933, 21.10.2000.
- ^ Ion Cristoiu, The Outstanding Gesture of Marian Munteanu, editorial published in "Azi" (Today newspaper), no. 2381 on 25.10.2000.
- ^ Valeriu Tabără became a member of PD, although he just resigned from PUNR, „Adevărul”, (The Truth) 02.10.2002 ● Valeriu Tabără, Curriculum vitae, Chamber of Deputies.
- ^ Romulus Georgescu, Sergiu Rusu, Petre Roman in PNL, Mircea Druc in PDL, „Evenimentul Zilei”, (The Event of The Day) 11.10.2008.
- ^ M.S., Băsescu and Dorin Iacob - the PD – PNR merger negotiators, in Presidential explanations have short legs, „Gândul”, (The Thought) 26.11.2005 ● PD's executive secretary is caught in the ropes, „Ziua”, (The Day) No. 3772, 04.11.2006.