Hedgehog's dilemma

For the Neon Genesis Evangelion episode, see Hedgehog's Dilemma (Neon Genesis Evangelion episode).

"I wish I didn't have this dilemma."

The hedgehog's dilemma, or sometimes the porcupine dilemma, is an analogy about the challenges of human intimacy. It describes a situation in which a group of hedgehogs all seek to become close to one another in order to share their heat during cold weather. However, once accomplished, they cannot avoid hurting one another with their sharp quills. They must step away from one another. Though they all share the intention of a close reciprocal relationship, this may not occur for reasons which they cannot avoid.

Both Schopenhauer and Freud have used this situation to describe what they feel is the state an individual will find themselves in relation to others. The hedgehog's dilemma suggests that despite goodwill, human intimacy cannot occur without substantial mutual harm, and what results is cautious behavior and weak relationships. With the hedgehog's dilemma one is recommended to use moderation in the affairs with others both because it is in self-interest, and also out of consideration for others. The hedgehog's dilemma is used to justify or explain introversion and isolationism.

Schopenhauer

The concept originates from German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer's Parerga und Paralipomena, Volume II, Chapter XXXI, Section 396. In his English translation, E.F.J. Payne translates the German "Stachelschweine" as "porcupines". Schopenhauer's parable describes a number of hedgehogs who need to huddle together for warmth and who struggle to find the optimal distance where they may feel sufficiently warm without hurting one another. The hedgehogs have to sacrifice warmth for comfort. The conclusion that Schopenhauer draws, is that if someone has enough internal warmth, he or she can avoid society and the giving and receiving of psychological discomfort that results from social interaction.

Freud

It entered the realm of psychology after the tale was discovered and adopted by Sigmund Freud. Schopenhauer’s tale was quoted by Freud in a footnote to his 1921 essay Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. It is believed that part of what prompted his trip to America was his desire to catch sight of a wild porcupine, with which he was fascinated.

Social psychological research

The dilemma has received empirical attention within the contemporary psychological sciences. Jon Maner and his colleagues (Nathan DeWall, Roy Baumeister, and Mark Schaller) referred to Schopenhauer's porcupine problem when interpreting results from experiments examining how people respond to ostracism and other forms of social rejection. Their results revealed that, for people who are chronically anxious, the experience of rejection led people to be relatively anti-social; but among people with more optimistic dispositions, the experience of rejection led to intensified efforts to get close to others. They concluded,

This last point is worth remembering when one considers the answer that Schopenhauer himself supplied to the porcupine problem. Schopenhauer suggested that people ultimately feel compelled to retain a safe distance from each other. "By this arrangement," he wrote, "the mutual need for warmth is only very moderately satisfied; but then people do not get pricked" (1851/1964, p. 226). Of course, Schopenhauer was known for his sour temperament – "It is hard to find in his life evidences of any virtue except kindness to animals… In all other respects he was completely selfish" (Russell, 1945, p. 758) – and his philosophy was famous for its pessimism. So it is not surprising that he resigned his porcupines to a life spent shivering in the cold, fearing pain from other porcupines’ sharp quills. In real life however, the porcupine problem is often resolved in far more sociable a manner. For many people, the potential pain of prickly quills is trumped by the powerful need for social warmth.

Cultural references

It is a common theme in pop culture and literature.

A reference is made in the 1999 film, The Thomas Crown Affair, when Thomas Crown asks his psychiatrist "How do porcupines make love?"

A reference is also made in episode 4 of the Japanese animated series Neon Genesis Evangelion, as an explanation of the relationship between Misato Katsuragi and Shinji Ikari.

The hedgehog's dilemma was the subject of a question in the 26 January 2009 episode of the BBC quiz show University Challenge. The same episode was notable for featuring the lowest score achieved by any team since the programme's new format began in 1994.

Music

On 21st Dec. 2009 electronic artist and producer Maxis (Jani Galbov) publishes his release Hedgehog's Dilemma EP for Juan's Kitchen Delights Recordings. One of the songs is named after the release through which he asserts his point of view of this analogy.