Ibid.
Ibid. (Latin, short for ibidem, "the same place") is the term used to provide an endnote or footnote citation or reference for a source that was cited in the preceding endnote or footnote. It is similar in meaning to idem (meaning something that has been mentioned previously; the same) abbreviated "Id.," which is commonly used in legal citation.[1]
To find the ibid. source, one has to look at the reference just before it.
Example
- 4. E. Vijh, Latin for dummies (New York: Academic, 1997), 23.
- 5. Ibid.
- 6. Ibid., 29.
The reference in no. 5 is the same as in no. 4 (E. Vijh, Latin for dummies on page 23), whereas the reference in no. 6 refers to the same work but at a different location, namely page 29. Intervening entries require a reference to the original citation in the form "Ibid. <citation #>," (e.g. "8. Ibid. 4" or "8. Ibid. 4, at 34"). Notice that "ibid." is always followed by a period/ full stop because it is itself an abbreviation.
See also
- Bibliography
- List of Latin phrases
- MLA style
- Op. cit.
- Loc. cit.
- Sic
- Ibid: A Life is a novel by Mark Dunn, made up entirely of endnotes.