Brothel
A brothel, also known as a bordello, cathouse, whorehouse, sporting house, gentleman's club and various other names, is an establishment specifically dedicated to prostitution, providing the prostitutes a place to meet and to have sexual intercourse with clients.
In the case of window prostitution a female prostitute presents herself from behind a window or glass door in the brothel. It occurs e.g. in De Wallen district in Amsterdam.
Legality
Brothels exist in most countries, but their legal status varies widely. In most European countries, brothels were made illegal after World War II. During the first half of the 20th century, France and Italy were famous for their brothels. France outlawed brothels in 1946 and Italy made them illegal in 1959.
Today, Amsterdam is well known for its red-light district and is a destination for sex tourism. Netherlands has one of the most liberal prostitution policies in the world, and, as such, it attracts sex tourists from many European countries and from the US.[citation needed]
In many countries, while officially illegal, in practice brothels are tolerated.
In a few countries brothels are legal and regulated, however, the existence of these licensed brothels did not stop illegal brothels from existing: according to a report in the Daily Telegraph newspaper, illegal brothels in Sydney now outnumber licensed operations by four to one;[1] according to a 2009 report, in Queensland only 10% of prostitution happens in the licensed brothels, the rest of 90% of prostitution remains either unregulated or illegal;[2] according to some estimates, there are 400 illegal brothels in Victoria.[3]
Business models
Brothels use a variety of business models:
- In some, the prostitutes are held in involuntary servitude without the option to leave,[4] receiving only a small portion (or none) of the money paid by the patron. In some cases, prostitutes are bought and sold by their keepers, reducing them to a state of chattel slavery.
- In others, the prostitutes are employees, receiving a small fixed salary and a portion of the money spent by the customer. (Maison close French for "closed house") The brothel owner receives the rest of the payment for services.
- In the regulated brothels in Nevada, the prostitutes are contract workers who split their earnings with the house and are often expected to "tip" support staff (cleaners, limo drivers, etc.); they receive no benefits, such as health insurance, and no withholding for Social Security taxes.
- In still others, the prostitutes pay a fee for use of the facilities, with the brothel owner not being involved in the financial transaction between prostitute and client (maison de passe, French for "trick house").
In cases of illegal brothels, the latter provides some level of plausible denial to the facility owner, who often (thinly) disguises the brothel as a massage parlor, bar, strip club or similar.
Military brothels
Until recently, in several armies around the world, a mobile brothel service was attached to the army as an auxiliary unit, especially attached to combat units on long-term deployments abroad.
Because it is a touchy subject, military brothels were often designated with creative euphemisms. Notable examples of such jargon are [la boîte à bonbons] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (Template:Lang-en), replacing the term "bordel militaire de campagne". Women forced into prostitution by the Japanese occupation armies throughout East Asia were known as "comfort battalions". The prostitutes were individually referred to as "military comfort women" or [jūgun-ianfu] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help).
It is estimated that a minimum of 34,140 women from occupied states, particularly in Poland, were forced to work as involuntary prostitutes for the Nazis during WW2.[5]
While, during French and Japanese colonial campaigns of the 20th century, such employees were mainly recruited among the local populace of Northeast Asia and Africa.
Nevada brothels
In the United States, the only state where brothels are legal is Nevada. Prostitution outside the licensed brothels is illegal throughout Nevada. Brothels are allowed only in counties with populations of fewer than 400,000 inhabitants, and not all qualifying counties have allowed them. Currently eight out of Nevada's 16 counties have active brothels (these are all rural counties). As of June/July 2008, 28 legal brothels existed in Nevada.[6][7][8] All forms of prostitution are illegal in Las Vegas (and Clark County which contains its metropolitan area), Reno (and Washoe County), Carson City, and a few other places.
The brothels and their employees must register with the county sheriff and receive regular medical checkups. Brothels have existed in Nevada since the old mining days of the 1800s and were first licensed in 1971. The legendary Mustang Ranch operated from 1971 through 1999, when it was forfeited to the federal government following a series of convictions for tax fraud, racketeering, and other crimes.
Regulation
In some countries, prostitution is illegal, in other countries prostitution itself (the exchange of sex for money) is legal, but most activities which surround it (such as operating a brothel, pimping, soliciting in a public place etc) are prohibited, many times making it very difficult for people to engage in prostitution without breaking any law, while in a few countries prostitution is legal and regulated. The degree of regulation varies widely by country. Most of these countries favor brothels, at least in theory, as they are considered to be less problematic than street prostitution.
Illegal immigration and brothels in Western Europe
Currently, Western Europe is confronted with a serious problem of sexual exploitation for the purpose of prostitution of illegal immigrants from Eastern Europe. In Europe, since the fall of the Iron Curtain, the impoverished former Eastern bloc countries such as Albania, Moldova, Bulgaria, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine have been identified as major trafficking source countries for women and children.[9][10] Young women and girls are often lured to wealthier countries by the promises of money and work and then forced into sexual slavery.[11] It is estimated that two thirds of women trafficked for prostitution worldwide annually come from Eastern Europe, three-quarters of whom have never worked as prostitutes before.[12][13] Most women who work in the brothels from countries such as Netherlands, Germany or Spain are now migrant prostitutes, not local women. An article in Le Monde in 1997 stated that 80% of prostitutes in the Netherlands were foreigners and 70% had no immigration papers.[14][15]
Internationally, the most common destinations for victims of human trafficking are Thailand, Japan, Israel, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Turkey and the US, according to a report by the UNODC.[16] The major sources of trafficked persons include Thailand, China, Nigeria, Albania, Bulgaria, Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine.[16]
See also
References
- ^ NSW papers urged to cut brothel ads, ABC news
- ^ Queensland sex industry still largely illegitimate, Brisbane Times
- ^ The Age 18/10/2008: Sex called off in hunt for illegal brothels
- ^ "Liberating sex slaves in India", New Internationalist, Issue 390, June 2006.
- ^ The Blessed Abyss: Inmate #6582 in Ravensbruck Concentration Prison for Women by Nanda Herbermann
- ^ Caron, Christina. "Nevada Brothels Hit Hard by Gas Prices". ABC News, June 23, 2008. Accessed April 24, 2009.
- ^ Associated Press. "Nevada Brothels Feel Pinch of Higher Fuel Prices". KTVN Channel 2, June 27, 2008. Accessed April 24, 2009.
- ^ McKenna, Barrie (Toronto Globe and Mail). "Nevada brothel's 'shady' deal: Come often, get free gas". SFGate, July 4, 2008. Accessed April 24, 2009.
- ^ Eastern Europe Exports Flesh to the EU
- ^ Local women fall prey to sex slavery abroad
- ^ Crime gangs 'expand sex slavery into shires'
- ^ Eastern Europe - Coalition Against Trafficking of Women
- ^ A modern slave's brutal odyssey
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ a b "UN highlights human trafficking". the BBC. 26 March 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
Further reading
- DJ Tramp Steamer. 101 Brothels i Have Loved.
- Burford, E. J. The Bishop's Brothels. London: Robert Hale, 1993. ISBN 9780709051138.
- Ka-tzetnik 135633 (Karol Cetinsky). House of Dolls. Moshe M. Kohn (trans.). New York: Simon and Schuster, 1955. A novel about the Holocaust, including a description of a brothel staffed by concentration camp inmates.
External links
- "Inside a brothel"—interview by Richard Fidler with three brothel owners, June 2006 on ABC Local Radio (audio download available)