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Bonghan System

The Bonghan System was discovered in the early 1960’s by Bonghan Kim, a North Korean anatomist who was looking for anatomical structures corresponding to classical acupuncture meridian theories. This anatomical system is a network of discrete, microscopic, threadlike structures about 30 µm in diameter [1] located between the skin and muscles,[2] [3] inside blood vessels,[4][5][6] and lymphatic vessels,[7] on the surface of various internal organs,[8] and inside organs including the brain and spinal cord.[9]

History

Between 1961 and 1965 Bonghan Kim and the National Acupuncture Meridians Research Institute in North Korea published a series of five papers in Korean describing the anatomy and physiology of the Bonghan System and one English review paper. This paper, entitled On the Kyungrak System,[3] describes Bonghan Corpuscles which correspond to acupuncture points and Bonghan Ducts which correspond to meridians. Both Bonghan Corpuscles and Bonghan Ducts were observed superficially in the skin, deeper in the body, and on the surface of internal organs. They were also observed inside of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. A circulating fluid was found inside Bonghan Ducts and injections of radioactive isotope and staining solutions were used to trace a directional flow of fluid within the ducts. Fluid from the Bonghan Ducts was analyzed and found to contain unusually high levels of DNA. Experiments investigating the electrical conductivity and excitability of Bonghan Ducts are also described.


In 1967 Kim’s discoveries were partially confirmed in a paper published by the Japanese anatomist Fujiwara [10] but, further research was delayed for several decades as Kim did not disclose the preferential dye staining technique which he used to observe these elusive and transparent structures. In 2002 researchers in South Korea directed by Kwang-Sup Soh at the Seoul National University began an intensive investigation of the Bonghan System. They have confirmed many of Bonghan Kim’s observations using modern methods including electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy,[7] to study tissues in rabbits, rats, and mice ,[1] histological staining techniques using Trypan Blue,[11] Alcian blue,[12] fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles,[7] and Acridine orange[13] have been used to visualize Bonghan Corpuscles and Ducts in a variety of tissues. The existence of Bonghan Ducts has also been confirmed by experiments carried out in Beijing, China. [14]


Following Bonghan Kim’s earlier research South Korean researchers have identified norepinephrine, epinephrine, and the chromaffin cells that secrete these hormones in organ surface Bonghan Corpuscles[15] and in the superficial acupoint CV12 of rabbits.[16] Their observation of red blood cells in the early stages of maturation inside of Bonghan Corpuscles of anemic animals supports Kim’s claim that the Bonghan System generates new blood cells.[1] Researchers have confirmed that the Bonghan System is a circulatory system with a one way flow of 0.3 ± 0.1mm/second by observing the flow of fluorescent nanoparticles in mice, starting from an injection in acupuncture point LV9 of the liver meridian and flowing to acupuncture point LV3.[17] The presence of Bonghan Granules (microcells containing DNA molecules) in Bonghan Ducts and Corpuscles has been documented and it has been theorized that these are a source of adult stem cells capable of regenerating damaged organs.,[8][18] Another theory postulates that the DNA in Bonghan Granules may emit coherent light in the form of biophotons, enabling communication through out the Bonghan System which thereby directs the repair and regeneration of cells in damaged tissues.[19]


References

  1. ^ a b c Kwang-Sup Soh, Bonghan Circulatory System as an Extension of Acupuncture Meridians, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 93-106 (June 2009)[1]
  2. ^ Dong-Heui Kim, Young-Kun Deung, Byung-Soo Chang, Han-Suk Jung, Dan Jin, Ki-Rok Kwon, and Kyu-Jae Lee, Histological Examination of Tissue Isolated from Fascia with a View of Meridian System, Korean J. Electron Microscopy 36(3),183~194, 2006[2]
  3. ^ a b Bong Han Kim,On The Kyungrak System, Foreign Language Publishing House, Pyongyang, 1964
  4. ^ Kwang Hwa Chung, Yong Hyeon Shin, Sue-Nie Park, Hyun Sook Cho, Soon-Ae Yoo, Byung Joo Min, Hyo-Suk Lim and Kyung Hwa Yoo, Acupuncture Meridian and Intravascular Bonghan Duct, Key Engineering Materials, Volumes 277 – 279:124-129, Jan. 2005. [3]
  5. ^ Xiaowen Jiang, Hee-kyeong Kim, Hak-soo Shin, Byong-chon Lee, Chunho Choi, Kyung-soon Soh, Byeung-soo Cheun, Ku-youn Baik, Kwang-sup Soh, Method for Observing Intravascular Bonghan Duct, arXiv:physics/0211086v2 [physics.med-ph], Nov. 2002. [4]
  6. ^ Yoo JS, Kim MS, Ogay V, Soh KS. In vivo visualization of Bonghan ducts inside blood vessels of mice by using an Alcian blue staining method. Indian J Exp Biol 2008;46(5): 336-339. [5]
  7. ^ a b c Johng HM, Yoo JS, Yoon TJ, Shin HS, Lee BC, Lee C, Lee JK, Soh KS. Use of magnetic nanoparticles to visualize threadlike structures inside lymphatic vessels of rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2007;4:77-82. [6]
  8. ^ a b Shin HS, Johng H, Lee BC, Cho S, Baik KY, Yoo JS, Soh KS. Feulgen reaction study of novel threadlike structures on the surface of mammalian organs. Anat Rec B (New Anat) 2005;284:35-40.[7]
  9. ^ Lee BC, Kim SK, Soh KS. Novel anatomic structures in the brain and spinal cord of rabbit that may belong to the Bonghan system of potential acupuncture meridians. J Acup Mer Stud 2008;1(1):29-35. [8]
  10. ^ Fujiwara S, Yu SB,Bonghan theory morphological studies. Igaku no Ayumi 1967;60:567-577.
  11. ^ Lee BC, Kim KW, Soh KS. Visualizing the network of Bonghan ducts in the omentum and peritoneum by using Trypan blue. J Acup Mer Stud 2009;2(1): [9]
  12. ^ Yoo JS, Kim MS, Ogay V, Soh KS. In vivo visualization of Bonghan ducts inside blood vessels of mice by using an Alcian blue staining method. Indian J Exp Biol 2008;46(5): 336-339. [10]
  13. ^ Lee BC, Baik KY, Johng HM, Nam TJ, Lee J, Sung B, Choi C, Park WH, Park ES, Park DH, Yoon YS, Soh KS. Acridine orange staining method to reveal the characteristic features of an intravascular threadlike structure. Anat Rec B (New Anat) 2004;278:27-30. [11]
  14. ^ Demo-Experiments of Bonghan Ducts in Beijing, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, March 2009 (Vol. 2, Issue 1, Page 90) [12]
  15. ^ Kim JD, Ogay V, Lee BC, Kim MS, Lim I, Woo HJ, et al., Catecholamine producing novel endocrine organ: Bonghan system. Med Acupunct 2008;20:97−102. [13]
  16. ^ Ogay V, Kim MS, Seok HJ, Choi CJ, Soh KS. Catecholamine storing cells at acupuncture points of rabbits. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2008;1:83−90. [14]
  17. ^ Hyeon-Min Johng1, Chang-Hoon Lee1, Jung Sun Yoo1, Tae-Jong Yoon2, Hak-Soo Shin1,Byung-Cheon Lee1,3, Jin-Kyu Lee2, Jung Dae Kim1, Wan Su Park4 and Kwang-Sup Soh, Nanoparticles for tracing acupuncture meridians and Bonghan ducts, ‘’IFMBE Proceedings’’, Volume 14, World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering 2006, Springer Berlin Heidelberg. [15]
  18. ^ Ogay Vyacheslav, Baik Ku Youn, Sung Baeckkyoung, Soh Kwang-Sup, Naturally Generated Microcells as One Possible Origin of Adult Stem Cells, Journal of International Society of Life Information Science, Vol.23;No.2;Page.286-291(2005) [16]
  19. ^ Soh Kwang-Sup, Qi as Biophotonic Information Flux of DNA in the Bonghan System, Journal of International Society of Life Information Science, 22(2) pp.287-293 20040901. [17]

Sources

Kwang-Sup Soh,, Bonghan Circulatory System as an Extension of Acupuncture Meridians, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 93-106 (June 2009)

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