Helvius Cinna
Gaius Helvius Cinna was an influential neoteric poet of the late Roman Republic, a little older than the generation of Catullus and Licinius Calvus.
In life and in history, both ancient and modern, he was a victim of the limited range of Roman onomastics and the resultant great frequency of repetitions and homonyms. He shared the surname (cognomen) of the high noble (consular) aristocratic house of Corneli Cinnae, relatives by marriage of the famous Caesar.
His magnum opus Zmyrna established his literary fame; a mythological epic poem focused on the incestuous love of Smyrna (or Myrrha) for her father Cinyras, treated after the excruciatingly obscuritanist and allusive manner of the Alexandrian poets. He was a friend of Catullus (poem 10, 29-30: meus sodalis / Cinna est Gaius). When the Zmyrna was completed in about 55 B.C. Catullus hailed it as a great achievement, nine harvests and nine winters in the making.[1]
This is the key information to survive about his life, together with a passage in the Suda about the Augustan period poet Parthenius of Bithynian Nikaia:
son of Herakleides and Eudora, though Hermippos says of Tetha. Nikaeus or Myrlean, composer of elegiacs and poet of different metres. He was acquired as booty by Cinna when the Romans overcame Mithridates in war, then he was set free owing to his education, and he lived until Tiberius the Caesar.[2]
Ovid included him in his list of celebrated erotic poets and writers (Tristia II, 425ff.).
The circumstances of his death have given rise to some discussion. Suetonius[3], Valerius Maximus[4], Appian[5] and Dio Cassius[6] all state that, at Julius Caesar's funeral in 44 BC, a certain Helvius Cinna was killed because he was mistaken for Cornelius Cinna, the conspirator. The last three writers mentioned above add that he was a tribune of the people, while Plutarch[7], referring to the affair, gives the further information that the Cinna who was killed by the mob was a poet. This points to the identity of Helvius Cinna the tribune with Helvius Cinna the poet.
Shakespeare adopted Plutarch's version of Cinna's death in his Julius Caesar, adding the black humor in which he often expressed his distrust of the crowd:
- CINNA. Truly, my name is Cinna.
- FIRST CITIZEN. Tear him to pieces, he's a conspirator.
- CINNA. I am Cinna the poet, I am Cinna the poet.
- FOURTH CITIZEN. Tear him for his bad verses, tear him for his bad verses.
- CINNA. I am not Cinna the conspirator.
- FOURTH CITIZEN. It is no matter, his name's Cinna. Pluck but his name out of his heart, and turn him going.
(Act III, Scene 3)
The chief objection to this view is based upon two lines in the 9th eclogue of Virgil, supposed to have been written in 41 or 40 B.C[citation needed]. Here reference is made to a certain Cinna, a poet of such importance that Virgil deprecates comparison with him; it is argued that the manner in which this Cinna, who could hardly have been anyone but Helvius Cinna, is spoken of implies that he was then alive; if so, he could not have been killed in 44[citation needed]. But such an interpretation of the Virgilian passage is by no means absolutely necessary; the terms used do not preclude a reference to a contemporary no longer alive. It has been suggested that it was really Cornelius, not Helvius Cinna, who was slain at Caesar's funeral[citation needed], but this is not borne out by the authorities[citation needed].
A Propempticon Pollionis, a send-off to Asinius Pollio, is also attributed to him. In both these poems, the language of which was so obscure that they required special commentaries, his model appears to have been Parthenius of Nicaea[citation needed].
Cultural depictions
Cinna is a character in the chamber opera Le piccole storie - ai margini delle guerre, written in 2007 by Italian composer Lorenzo Ferrero.
Notes
- ^ poem 95: Zmyrna mei Cinnae nonam post denique messem / quam coepta est nonamque edita post hiemem
- ^ Suda s. v. Παρθένιος (no.664, ed. Adler, 4.58, Teubner 1933)
- ^ Suetonius, Divus Iulius 85
- ^ Valerius Maximus, Memorable Deeds and Sayings 9.9.1
- ^ Appian, The Civil Wars 2.20.147
- ^ Dio Cassius, Roman History 44.50
- ^ Plutarch, Life of Brutus 20
References
- Weichert, J A: Poetarum Latinorum Vitae (1830)
- Lucian Müller's edition of Catullus (1870), where the remains of Cinna's poems are printed
- Kiessling, A: De C. Helvio Cinna Poeta in Commentationes Philologicae in honorem T. Mommsen (1878)
- Otto Ribbeck, Geschichte der romischen Dichtung, i. (1887)
- Plessis, Frédéric: La poésie latine de Livius Andronicus à Rutilius Namatianus (1909)
- Wiseman, T P:
- Catullan Questions (Leicester University Press, 1969)
- Cinna the Poet and other Roman Essays (Leicester University Press, 1974), especially ch.2 (pp.44–58) "Cinna the Poet".
- J. L. Lightfoot, Parthenius of Nicaea (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1999)
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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