Henry Beaufort
Henry Beaufort | |
|---|---|
| Cardinal Bishop of Winchester | |
 Tomb of Cardinal Beaufort | |
| Province | Canterbury |
| See | Winchester |
| Installed | 1404 |
| Term ended | 1447 |
| Predecessor | William of Wykeham |
| Successor | William Waynflete |
| Other post(s) | Lord Chancellor of England 1403-05, 1413-17 and 1424-26; Bishop of Lincoln 1398-1405; Chancellor of the University of Oxford 1397-1399; Dean of Wells 1397-1398 |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 14 July 1398 |
| Created cardinal | 24 May 1426 |
| Rank | Cardinal priest of S. Eusebio |
| Personal details | |
| Born | circa 1375 |
| Died | 11 April 1447 (aged c. 72) |
| Buried | Winchester Cathedral |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic Church |
| Parents | John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster and Katherine Swynford |
Henry Beaufort (c. 1375 – 11 April 1447) was a medieval English clergyman and Cardinal Bishop of Winchester,[1] an anomaly in being both a bishop and a member of the royal house of Plantagenet.[2][3]
Life
The second son of John of Gaunt and his mistress Katherine Swynford, Beaufort was born in Anjou, an English domain in France, in about 1374 and educated for a career in the Church. After his parents were married in early 1396, Henry, his two brothers and one sister were declared legitimate by the pope and legitimated by Act of Parliament on 9 February 1397, but they were barred from the succession to the throne.[4][5][6] On 27 February 1398 he was nominated Bishop of Lincoln and on 14 July 1398 he was consecrated.[7] When his half-brother deposed Richard and took the throne as Henry IV of England, he made Bishop Beaufort Lord Chancellor of England in 1403.[8] Beaufort resigned that position in 1404 when he was appointed Bishop of Winchester on 19 November.[9]
Between 1411 and 1413 Bishop Beaufort was in political disgrace for siding with his nephew, the Prince of Wales, against the King, but when King Henry IV died and the Prince became Henry V of England, he made his uncle Chancellor again in 1413; however, Beaufort resigned the position in 1417.[8] Pope Martin V offered the Bishop a cardinal's hat, but King Henry V would not let him accept it. Henry V died in 1422, shortly after making himself heir to France by marrying Charles VI's daughter, and their infant son Henry VI of England. Bishop Beaufort and the child king's other uncles formed the Regency Government of England 1422-1437, and in 1424 Beaufort became Chancellor once more, but was forced to resign again in 1426[8] because of disputes with the King's other uncles.
The Pope finally made him a Cardinal in 1426,[8] and in 1427 made him Papal Legate for Germany, Hungary, and Bohemia. In this position, he led forces against the Hussites, facing a rout at Tachov on 4 August 1427.[10]
In Rouen on 30 May 1431, Beaufort, who had been involved in the condemnation trial of Joan of Arc, was watching her from a scaffold as she was being led to the stake. But he could't bear to watch her burning, and left the place in tears before the execution. Afterwards, the English - at the instigation of Beaufort, according to some sources [11] - saw to it that Joan's physical remains were collected and thrown into the river Seine, in order "that the world might have no relic of her of whom the world was not worthy" [12]. Next to Beaufort's lavish chantry chapel in the retrochoir of Winchester cathedral, which holds his own physical remains, stands a wooden statue of Joan of Arc. It was erected in 1923 by English and American citizens, as a small reparation for Beaufort's evil role in Joan's trial [13].
Beaufort continued to be active in English politics for years, fighting with the other powerful advisors to the King and always managing to extricate himself from the snares they set for him. He died on 11 April 1447[9] and was laid to rest in a tomb in Winchester Cathedral. He suffered from delirium on his deathbed and, as he hallucinated, according to legend he offered Death the whole treasury of England in return for living a while longer.
Affair and daughter
During his youth, most likely while studying at Cambridge University, Henry had an affair with, some believe, Alice FitzAlan (1378–1415), the daughter of Richard FitzAlan and Elizabeth de Bohun, though there is no real evidence to support this. He fathered an illegitimate daughter, Jane Beaufort, in 1402. Both Jane and her husband Sir Edward Stradling, were named in Cardinal Beaufort's will. Their marriage about 1423 brought Sir Edward into the political orbit of his shrewd and assertive father-in-law, to whom he may have owed his appointment as chamberlain of South Wales in December 1423, a position he held until March 1437.[14] The idea of Jane's mother being Alice Fitzalan is possibly a legend of Tudor-era descendants of Sir Edward and Jane Stradling. There is no late-14th/early-15th century documentation to support this affair at all, and the surviving documentation entirely discounts it. However, a blood connection to Cardinal Beaufort would itself be prestigious, regardless of the mother or her marital status. Illegitimacy has never been viewed as detrimental in Wales.
Notes
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Joel Thomas Rosenthal, "The Training of an Elite Group: English Bishops in the Fifteenth Century" Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, 60.5 (1970:1-54) p. 7.
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. "Henry Beaufort". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
- ^ Cokayne Complete Peerage Volume XII pp. 40–41
- ^ Schofield, Nicholas; Skinner, Gerald (2007). The English Cardinals. Oxford: Family Publications. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-871217-65-0.
- ^ Williams, David (1996). British Royalty. London: Cassell. pp. 240–241. ISBN 0-304-34933-X.
- ^ Powicke Handbook of British Chronology p. 236
- ^ a b c d Powicke Handbook of British Chronology p. 85
- ^ a b Powicke Handbook of British Chronology p. 258
- ^ Harriss, G. L. (1987). "Henry Beaufort, 'Cardinal of England'". Proceedings of the 1986 Harlaxton Symposium: England in the Fifteenth Century. Woodbridge: Paul Watkins Publishing: 123–4.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ http://www.stjoan-center.com/novelapp/joaap06.html
- ^ Andrew Lang, "The Maid of France"(1909), p. 275
- ^ John Crook, "Winchester Cathedral" (2001), p. 76
- ^ R. A. Griffiths, Conquerors and Conquered in Medieval Wales, 1994
References
- Cokayne, George E. (1982). The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct, or Dormant. Vol. XII (Microprint ed.). Gloucester [England]: A. Sutton. ISBN 0-904387-82-8.
- Powicke, F. Maurice and E. B. Fryde Handbook of British Chronology 2nd ed. London: Royal Historical Society 1961