Tell Balata
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Tell Balata (Arabic: تل بلاطة) is the site of the remains of an ancient city located in the Palestinian city of Nablus in the West Bank.[1] The site is listed by UNESCO as part of the Inventory of Cultural and Natural Heritage Sites of Potential Outstanding Universal Value in the Palestinian Territories.[1] Experts estimate that the towers and buildings at the site date back 5,000 years to the Chalcolithic and Bronze Ages.[1]
Traditionally, the site has been associated with biblical Shechem, based on circumstantial evidence such as its location and preliminary evidence of habitation during the late Bronze and early Iron Ages.[2] No inscriptional evidence to support this conclusion has been found in situ, and other sites have also been identified as the possible site of biblical Shechem; for example, Yitzhak Magen locates it nearby on Mount Gerizim itself.[2][3]
Name
Tell is the Hebrew word for hill, and the word is also used in English to refer to mounds of archaeological significance. Balata is the name of the ancient Arab village located on the tell, and of the adjacent Palestinian refugee camp of Balata established in 1950.[4] The name was preserved by local residents and used to refer both to the village and the hill (and later on, the refugee camp).[5]
One theory holds that balata is a derivation of the Aramaic word Balut, meaning acorn (or in Arabic, oak); another theory holds that it is a derivation of the Byzantine-Roman era, from the Greek word platanos, meaning terebinth, a type of tree that grew around the spring of Balata.[4][5]
Location
Tell Balata lies in a mountain pass between Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal, a location fits well with the geographical description provided for Shechem in the Bible.[2] The Palestinian village of Salim (biblical Salem) is located Template:Km to mi to the west.[6] The built-up area of Balata, a Palestinian village and suburb of Nablus, covers about one-third of the tell, and overlooks a vast plain to the east.[7][8]
Excavations
Excavations were conducted at Tell Balata by the American Schools of Oriental Research between 1956 and 1964 when the West Bank was under the rule of Jordan.[9] Archaeologists who took part in this expedition included Paul and Nancy Lapp, Albert Glock, Lawrence Toombs, Edward Campbell, Robert Bull, Joe Seeger, and William G. Dever, among others.[10] Further excavations are to be undertaken by Palestinian archaeologists along with students from the University of Leiden in the Netherlands as part of a joint effort funded by the Dutch government.[1]
Findings
A 2002 final published report on the stratigraphic and architectural evidence at Tell Balata indicates that there was a break in occupation between the end of the Late Bronze Age (c. 1150 BC) through to the early Iron Age II (c. 975 BC).[11] A small quadrangular altar was discovered in Tell Balata that is similar to ones found in other Iron Age sites, like Tel Arad and Tel Dan, which is thought to have been used for burning incense.[12]
One of the oldest coins in discovered in Palestine was an electrum Greek Macedonian coin, dated to circa 500 BC that was found during excavations at Tell Balata.[13] There is evidence that the site was inhabited in the Hellenistic period until the end of the 2nd century BC.[14] This Hellenistic era city was founded in the late 4th century BC and extended over an area of 6 hectares. The built structure shows evidence of considerable damage dated to the 190s BC, and attributed to Antiochus III's conquest of Palestine. Habitation continued until the final destruction of the city at this site in the late 2nd century BC. While this site was previously thought to be the site of the Samartian city of Shechem that was said by Josephus to have been destroyed by John Hyrcanus I, Y. Magen places locates that city nearby, on Mount Gerizim at a site covering an area of 30 hectares.[3]
References
- ^ a b c d Haaretz service and Cnaan Liphshiz (March 2, 2010). "Palestinian archeology gets int'l boost ahead of 2011 statehood plan". Retrieved 2010-03-02.
{{cite web}}: Text "publisherHaaretz" ignored (help) - ^ a b c Rast, 1992, p. 31.
- ^ a b Shatzman, 1991, p. 60.
- ^ a b Crown et al., 1993, p. 39.
- ^ a b Mazar and Ahituv, 1992, p. 53.
- ^ Kalai, 2000, p. 114.
- ^ "Tell Balata". Visitpalestine.ps. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
- ^ Pfeiffer, 1920, p. 518.
- ^ Levy, 1998, p. 18.
- ^ Silberman in Meskell, 1998, p. 184.
- ^ Killebrew, 2005, p. 189.
- ^ Becking, 2001, p. 52.
- ^ De Vaux, 1997, p. 208.
- ^ Isaac, 1998, p. 16.
Bibliography
- Becking, Bob (2001). Bob Becking (ed.). Only one god?: monotheism in ancient Israel and the veneration of the goddess Asherah (Illustrated ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 1841271993, 9781841271996.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - Crown, Alan David; Pummer, Reinhard; Tal, Abraham (1993). A companion to Samaritan studies. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 3161456661, 9783161456664.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help); Unknown parameter|editors=ignored (|editor=suggested) (help) - De Vaux, Roland (1997). Ancient Israel: its life and institutions. Translated by John McHugh. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 080284278X, 9780802842787.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - Isaac, Benjamin H. (1998). The Near East under Roman rule: selected papers (Illustrated ed.). BRILL. ISBN 9004107363, 9789004107366.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - Weinfeld, Gershon (2000). Studies in historical geography and biblical historiography: presented to Zechariah Kallai (Illustrated ed.). BRILL. ISBN 9004116087, 9789004116085.
{{cite book}}:|first3=missing|last3=(help); Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help); Unknown parameter|editors=ignored (|editor=suggested) (help) - Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). Biblical peoples and ethnicity: an archaeological study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and early Israel, 1300-1100 B.C.E. (Illustrated ed.). Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 1589830970, 9781589830974.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - Levy, Thomas (1998). Thomas Levy (ed.). The archaeology of society in the Holy Land (2nd, illustrated ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0826469965, 9780826469960.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - Mazar, Benjamin; Aḥituv, Shmuel (1992). Shmuel Aḥituv (ed.). Biblical Israel: state and people (Illustrated ed.). Magnes Press, Hebrew University. ISBN 9652237973, 9789652237972.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - Pfeiffer, Charles F. (1920). Charles F. Pfeiffer (ed.). The Biblical world: a dictionary of Biblical archaeology (Illustrated ed.). Baker Book House. ISBN 0801069157, 9780801069154.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - Rast, Walter E. (1992). Through the ages in Palestinian archaeology: An Introductory Handbook (Illustrated ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 1563380552, 9781563380556.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - Shatzman, Israel (1991). The armies of the Hasmonaeans and Herod: from Hellenistic to Roman frameworks. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 3161456173, 9783161456176.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - Silberman, Neil Asher (1998). Lynn Meskell (ed.). Archaeology under fire: nationalism, politics and heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (Illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 0415196558, 9780415196550.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help)