Piri Reis
Piri Reis (full name Hadji Muhiddin Piri Ibn Hadji Mehmed, reis/rais is Turkish and Arabic for captain) (about 1465–1554 or 1555) was an Ottoman-Turkish Kaptan-ı Derya, geographer and cartographer born between 1465 and 1470 in Gallipoli on the Aegean coast of Turkey.
He is primarily known today for his maps and charts collected in his Kitab-ı Bahriye (Book of Navigation), a book which contains detailed information on navigation as well as very accurate for its time charts describing the important ports and cities of the Mediterranean Sea. He gained fame as a cartographer when a small part of his first world map (prepared in 1513) was discovered in 1929 at Topkapı Palace in Istanbul. His world map is the oldest known Turkish atlas showing the New World, and one of the oldest maps of America still in existence in the world. (The oldest known map of America that is still in existence is the map drawn by Juan de la Cosa in 1500, which is conserved in the Naval Museum (Museo Naval) of Madrid, Spain.) Piri Reis' map is centered in Sahara at the Tropic of Cancer latitude.[1]
In 1528 Piri Reis drew a second world map, of which a small fragment showing Greenland and North America from Labrador and Newfoundland in the north to Florida, Cuba and parts of Central America in the south. According to his imprinting text he had drawn his maps using about twenty foreign charts and mappa mundi (Arab, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Indian and Greek) included one of Christopher Columbus[2].
Biography
By origin a Christian, possibly Greek[3] or a Jew[4] converted to Islam, or Turk[5], Piri began engaging in piracy when he was young, in 1481, following his uncle Kemal Reis, a well-known pirate and seafarer of the time. When the Ottomans were at war, together with his uncle and until his death he participated for many years in the fights against Christian navies Spanish, Genoese and Venetian, including the First Battle of Lepanto (Battle of Zonchio) in 1499 and Second Battle of Lepanto (Battle of Modon) in 1500. Being shocked by the death of his much loving and respected uncle Kemal Reis in 1511, Piri returned to Gallipoli and began to write a book about navigation.
By 1516 he was again at sea as a ship's captain in the Ottoman fleet. He took part in the 1516–17 campaign against Egypt. In 1522 he participated in the siege of Rhodes against the Knights of St. John which ended with the island's surrender to the Ottomans on 25 December 1522 and the permanent departure of the Knights from Rhodes on 1 January 1523. In 1524 he captained the ship that took the Ottoman Grand Vizier Makbul Ibrahim Pasha to Egypt.
By 1547, Piri had risen to the rank of Reis (admiral) as commander of the Ottoman fleet in the Indian Ocean and admiral of the fleet in Egypt, headquartered at Suez. On 26 February 1548 he recaptured Aden from the Portuguese, followed in 1552 by the capture of Muscat, which Portugal had occupied since 1507, and the important island of Kish. Turning further east, Piri Reis captured the island of Hormuz in the Strait of Hormuz, at the entrance of the Persian Gulf. When the Portuguese turned their attention to the Persian Gulf, Piri Reis occupied the Qatar peninsula and the island of Bahrain to deprive the Portuguese of suitable bases on the Arabian coast.
He then returned to Egypt, an old man approaching the age of 90. When he refused to support the Ottoman governor of Basra, Kubad Pasha, in another campaign against the Portuguese in the northern Persian Gulf, Piri Reis was publicly beheaded in 1554 or 1555.
Several warships and submarines of the Turkish Navy have been named after Piri Reis.
Piri Reis is the author of the Kitab-ı Bahriye one of the most famous pre modern books of navigation including a world map. Although he was not a geographer and never sailed to the Atlantic, by making use, according to the imprinting, of about twenty Arab, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese and older Greek maps[6], he managed to give a comprehensive representation of the known world of his era including the recently explored shores of both Atlantic African and American continents (imprinted "These lands and islands are drawn from map of Columbus")[1]. In his text he is also giving as source "maps drawn in the time of Alexander the Great", but most likely he had mistakenly confused the ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy of the 2nd century AD with the same named General of Alexander (of six centuries before) since his map is similar with the Johannes de Stobnicza famous reproduction map of Ptolemy, printed at 1512[7]. The ancient book had been translated in Turkish after a personal order of Mehmed II some decades before[8]. The Columbus origin of the Atlantic part of the map is confirmed by the contained errors (such as Columbus’ belief that Cuba was a continental peninsula) since at the time the manuscript produced, the Spaniards were already for two years in Mexico. Apart of the maps, the book also contained detailed information on the major ports, bays, gulfs, capes, peninsulas, islands, straits and ideal shelters of the Mediterranean Sea, as well as techniques of navigation and navigation-related information on astronomy, together with information about the local people of each country and city and the curious aspects of their culture. There are thirty legends around the map, twenty-nine in Turkish and one in Arabic, the latter is giving the date as the Muharrem month of 919 AH (corresponding to spring 1513 AD) but most studies identify as more probable date the 1521. It was revised in 1524-5 with additional information and better-crafted charts in order to be presented as a gift to Suleiman I. The revised edition had a total of 434 pages containing 290 maps.
Kitab-ı Bahriye has two main sections, with the first section dedicated to information about the types of storms, techniques of using a compass, portolan charts with detailed information on ports and coastlines, methods of finding direction using the stars, characteristics of the major oceans and the lands around them. Special emphasis is given to the discoveries in the New World by Christopher Columbus and those of Vasco da Gama and the other Portuguese seamen on their way to India and the rest of Asia.
The second section is entirely composed of portolan charts and cruise guides. Each topic contains the map of an island or coastline. In the first book (1521), this section has a total of 132 portolan charts, while the second book (1525) has a total of 210 portolan charts. The second section starts with the description of the Dardanelles Strait and continues with the islands and coastlines of the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, Adriatic Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, Ligurian Sea, the French Riviera, the Balearic Islands, the coasts of Spain, the Strait of Gibraltar, the Canary Islands, the coasts of North Africa, Egypt and the River Nile, the Levant and the coastline of Anatolia. This section also includes descriptions and drawings of the famous monuments and buildings in every city, as well as biographic information about Piri Reis who also explains the reasons why he preferred to collect these charts in a book instead of drawing a single map, which would not be able to contain so much information and detail.
A century after Piri's death and during the second half of the 17th century a third version of his book was produced which left the text of the second version unaffected while enriching the cartographical part of the manuscript. It included additional new large-scale maps mostly copies of Italian (from Battista Agnese and Jacopo Gastaldi) and Dutch (Abraham Ortelius) works of the previous century. These maps were much more accurate and depict the Black Sea which was not comprised in the original.
Copies of the Kitab-ı Bahriye are found in many libraries and museums around the world.
Copies of the first edition (1521) are found in the Topkapı Palace, the Nuruosmaniye Library and the Süleymaniye Library in Istanbul, the Library of the University of Bologna, the National Library of Vienna, the State Library of Dresden, the National Library of France in Paris, the British Museum in London, the Bodleian Library in Oxford and the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore.
Copies of the second edition (1525) are found in the Topkapı Palace, the Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Paşa Library, the Süleymaniye Library and the National Library of France.
See also
- Piri Reis map
- History of the Turkish Navy
- Geography and cartography in medieval Islam
- List of cartographers
- Indian Ocean campaigns
References
- ^ Soucek, S. “Islamic Charting in the Mediterranean,” In J.B. Harley and D. Woodward, eds.[I] Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies[/I]. Vol. 2, book 1, 263–272. 1992. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- ^ Trading Territories: Mapping the Early Modern World, Jerry Brotton, Reaktion Books, ISBN 978-1861890115, p.108
- ^ Rutenburg, Viktor (1988). Feudal society and its culture. Progress Publishers. p. 176. ISBN 9785010005283.
- ^ Pirates and the Lost Templar Fleet: The Secret Naval War Between the Knights Templar and the Vatican, David Hatcher Childress, Adventures Unlimited Press, ISBN 978-1931882187, p.118
- ^ Venice and the Islamic world, 828-1797, Stefano Carboni, page 311, 2007
- ^ Trading territories: mapping the early modern world, Jerry Brotton, Reaktion Books, ISBN 978-1861890115, 2003, p.108
- ^ Beyond the Pillars of Gibraltar, Leon E. Weed, ISBN 1-4116-0946-8, p.20,
- ^ Piri Reis & Turkish mapmaking after Columbus,Svatopluk Soucek, Muʾassasat Nūr al-Ḥusayn, Kha, ISBN 978-0197275016, 1996, p.73
Further reading
- Piri Reis Map and translation of the texts
- İnan, Afet: Life and works of Pirî Reis: the oldest map of America. Ankara 1975.
- Kahle, Paul: Die verschollene Kolumbuskarte von 1498 in einer türkischen Weltkarte von 1513. Berlin/Leipzig 1933. (In German)
- Kahle, Paul (Hrsg.): Piri Re'îs. Bahrîje. Das türkische Segelhandbuch für das Mittelländische Meer vom Jahre 1521. Berlin 1926. (In German)
- McIntosh, Gregory C.: The Piri Reis Map of 1513. Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 2000.
- Mesenburg, Peter: Kartometrische Untersuchung und Rekonstruktion der Weltkarte des Piri Re`is (1513). In: Cartographica Helvetica, No. 24 (2001), 3–7. (In German)
- Soucek, Svat: Piri Reis and Turkish Mapmaking After Columbus: The Khalili Portolan Atlas. Vol. 2 of Studies in the Khalili Collection. London: The Nour Foundation and Azimuth Editions, 1992; New York: The Nour Foundation, Azimuth Editions, and Oxford University Press, 1996.
- Asensi, Matilde: El origen perdido. Editorial Booket, Barcelona 2005. (In Spanish) 308pp. ISBN 84-08-06185-2. A work of fiction featuring the Piri Reis map, and with the map appearing on the cover.
External links
- The Piri Reis Project, with links to an early edition of A. Afetinan's book and to a reproduction of the Piri Reis Map
- The Piri Reis map (Steven Dutch)
[[Category:History of the Ottoman Emipre]