Braer Storm
 METEOSAT satellite image of the Braer Storm near peak intensity on January 10, 1993 | |
| Type | Extratropical cyclone |
|---|---|
| Formed | January 8, 1993 |
| Dissipated | January 17, 1993 |
| Lowest pressure | 914 mbar (hPa) |
| Areas affected | North Atlantic, Greenland, Iceland, western Europe |
The Braer Storm of January 1993 is the most intense extratropical cyclone on record for the northern Atlantic ocean. Developing as a weak frontal wave on January 8, 1993, the system moved rapidly northeast developing at a moderate pace. The combination of the absorption of a second low-pressure area to its southeast, a stronger than normal sea surface temperature differential along its path, and the presence of a strong jet stream aloft led to a rapid strengthening of the storm, with its central pressure falling to 914 millibars (27.0 inHg) on January 10. Its strength was well predicted by forecasters in the United Kingdom, and warnings were issued before the low initially developed.
Winds of gale-force covered the far northern Atlantic between western Europe and Atlantic Canada due to this storm, with hurricane-force winds confined near its center of circulation. After reaching its peak intensity, the system weakened as it moved into the far northeast Atlantic, dissipating by January 17. This storm caused blizzards across much of Scotland and led to the final breakup of the oil tanker MV Braer, which had been stranded in rocks off the Shetland Islands by a previous storm nearly a week beforehand.
Meteorological history
A weak frontal wave, a low-pressure system forming along a weather front with very strong temperature contrast, developed on the afternoon of January 8 to the southeast of Newfoundland with a central pressure of 1,008.0 millibars (29.77 inHg). The system moved at a quick pace to the east-northeast at around 60 knots (110 km/h), deepening slowly. As the storm tracked more northeasterly, development accelerated, and early on the morning of January 9 its central pressure had fallen to 988.0 millibars (29.18 inHg). A new low pressure area formed along the system's cold front to its south. By noon, the forward motion of the main cyclone accelerated to nearly 80 knots (150 km/h) and its central pressure began to bomb, then down to 974.0 millibars (28.76 inHg) as it passed through the far northern Atlantic. This strengthening was enhanced by a strong jet stream with measured winds of 240 knots (440 km/h),[1] and a stronger than normal sea surface temperature gradient along its path from the Grand Banks towards Iceland.[2]
The new low south of the main low strengthened quickly, and its central pressure dropped to 982.0 millibars (29.00 inHg). During the evening of January 9, the main cyclone to the north continued to bomb out, with a central pressure down to 958.0 millibars (28.29 inHg). Soon afterwards, it absorbed the deepening low to its south and this merger caused a period of extreme intensification. By early morning of January 10, the pressure at the strong cyclone's center had fallen to 926 millibars (27.3 inHg) northwest of Great Britain as it slowed its northeast motion. Hurricane-force winds of 66 knots (122 km/h) were recorded at a weather ship just to its southeast. Towards sunrise, the center of the cyclone lay 300 kilometres (160 nmi) south-southeast of Iceland. The system continued to slow as it turned north-northeast, reaching its estimated lowest pressure of 914.0 millibars (26.99 inHg) later that morning. Weather buoys in the region with identifiers of 44746 and 64043 were not designed to read pressures below 925.0 millibars (27.32 inHg), so when their pressures dropped to that reading, they stayed there until the storm moved away.[3]
Its strongest winds were within 280 kilometres (150 nmi) of its center, and the pressure difference within that region implied sustained wind speeds of 100 knots (190 km/h) were possible. Early on the afternoon of January 10, a tremendous pressure differential existed between the center of the cyclone and a high-pressure area over Spain, which had a central pressure of 1,035.0 millibars (30.56 inHg). This caused an extensive area of gale-force winds which stretched from Newfoundland to Spain, and northeastward between Greenland and northern Norway. A large area of hurricane-force winds existed within this area of gales. The center of the low transcribed a loop before resuming a slow northeast motion into the far northeast Atlantic. However, the system began to weaken, and by evening on January 10 its central pressure had risen to 920.0 millibars (27.17 inHg). By the evening of January 12, its central pressure rose to 952 millibars (28.1 inHg). During the evening of January 13, its central pressure rose to 961.0 millibars (28.38 inHg) while located in the far northeast Atlantic. Within four days, the low dissipated west of Norway.[3]
Preparations and impact
The strength of this storm was well forecast by the British Met Office global weather forecast model as far as 84 hours in advance, which allowed forecasters in the United Kingdom to issue warnings related to the storm on the morning of January 8, before the cyclone had initially developed.[1] The sign of the North Atlantic oscillation switched from positive to weakly negative during the lifetime of this storm,[4] which caused colder conditions to prevail in the eastern United States and western Europe by the time the system was dissipating.[5] The British Isles saw their pressures fall as low as 957 millibars (28.3 inHg) during the mid-afternoon of January 11 in extreme northwest Scotland in Shetland-Lerwick. Winds gusted to 105 knots (194 km/h) at two locations: the weather ship Cumulus and North Rona, north of Scotland.[1] Wind gusts of over 100 knots (190 km/h) were measured across northwest Scotland.[3] The highest precipitation amount recorded with this system across Great Britain was 37.2 millimetres (1.46 in) at Cilfynydd in South Wales. Periods of rain impacted the British Isles early in the morning, progressing from west to east. Wet and windy weather was seen across the region during the day, with a wintry mix of precipitation falling across northern sections of England and Scotland.[6] The wind combined with the snowfall to the north led to blizzards across most of Scotland.[1] Precipitation became more showery in nature during the evening hours.[6] Thunderstorms were observed despite the near-freezing temperature readings.[3] Wind and waves associated with this storm were too much for the tanker MV Braer, which had become lodged on rocks in the Shetland Islands nearly a week beforehand. The tanker broke up and its remaining cargo of 84,500 tons of light crude oil spilled into the ocean surrounding those islands.[1] The rough conditions caused by this storm led to the rapid breakup of visible oil slicks.[7]
Record set
This cyclone was slightly stronger than an intense low pressure area which moved near Greenland on December 14–15, 1986, which was the strongest extratropical cyclone known to occur across the northern Atlantic ocean at that time. Only three prior extratropical storms across the north Atlantic,[3] and one since,[8] have attained central pressures below 930 millibars (27 inHg).
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e E. McCallum and N. S. Grahame (April 1993). "The Braer storm - 10 January 1993". Weather. 48 (4). Royal Meteorological Society: 103–107.
- ^ Guosheng Liu and Judith A. Currty (1996-03-20). "Large-scale cloud features during January 1993 in the North Atlantic Ocean as determined from SSM/I and SSM/T2 observations" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 101 (D3): 7024. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
- ^ a b c d e Stephen Burt (April 1993). "Another new North Atlantic low pressure record". Weather. 48 (4). Royal Meteorological Society: 98–103.
- ^ David Groenert, Lance Bosart, Daniel Keyser, and Richard Grumm (August 2002). "6.6 Large-Scale Circulation Anomaly Indices in Relation to Cool-Season Precipitation Events in the Northeastern United States" (PDF). 19th Conference on Weather and Forecasting. State University of New York-Albany.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Climate Prediction Center (2008-05-12). "North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ^ a b United Kingdom Met Office (2010-06-08). "Sunday 10 January 1993 (The Braer Storm)" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ^ Will Bennett (1993-01-14). "Shetland oil spill dispersing rapidly in storm-lashed seas". The Independent. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ^ George P. Bancroft (December 2003). "Marine Weather Review - North Atlantic Area: March to August 2003". Mariner's Weather Log. 47 (2). Retrieved 2010-04-14.