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S-200 (bioremediation)

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S-200 is a bioremediation product used to clean up oil spills. It is an oleophilic nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer, sometimes known as a super nutrient, that promotes the growth of micro-organisms that degrade hydrocarbons (such as oil and fuel). The effects of S-200 were studied on a beach affected by the Prestige oil spill off the coast of Spain in 2002, the study concluded that S-200 enhanced the biodegradation rate of specific compounds, but the evidence did not establish whether it had improved the visible aspect of the beach, detached stuck oil, or reduced weathered oil. Other compounds, such as uric acid and lecithin, may be more effective than S-200.

In 2006, other researchers summarized the findings of experiments on Prestige-affected coastal areas, concluding that oloephilic fertilizers such as S-200 were of "limited effectiveness.[1]

The product was developed by International Environmental Products, a US company based around S-200 as its product.[2]

Field and Laboratory Tests

Volunteers cleaning the coastline in Galicia in the aftermath of the Prestige catastrophe, March, 2002

2011 Deepwater Horizon Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill Cleanup: Oil Gone Easy S-200 (along with 7 other products from the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) Product Schedule) has been chosen for laboratory and field testing. The BioChem Strike Team (BCST) was established in response to the Deepwater Horizon incident by the Alternative Response Technology (ART) program. The BCST consisted of experts from BP, LSU, LDEQ, USCG, OSPR (California), SCAT, and highly experienced oil spill response consultants. Furthermore, the BCST operated in conjunction with advice from EPA and NOAA. The overall objectives of the BCST were to evaluate among the thousands of submissions of alternative approaches through the ART system, those biological and chemical technologies that best meet the needs of Unified Command on oil spill cleanup. In order to accomplish this, the team reviewed and subsequently determined which technologies would undergo desktop evaluations (literature review), laboratory scale testing (at the aquatic toxicology laboratory at Louisiana State University, LSU), and/or field testing. Ultimately the results of this work by the BCST will be to provide recommendations for best available technologies for use by the Unified Command. Reference - Laboratory Screening of Commercial Bioremediation Agents for the Deepwater Horizon Spill Response

Laboratory Testing of S-200: Laboratory testing conducted by the BioChem Strike Team yielded the following results: "S-200 is identified as a bioremediation accelerator and as such, does not contain bacterial cultures. The product contributes to the establishment of a robust microbial population. As per manufacturer instructions, additional nutrients are added to the product along with non-sterile site water and weathered oil. Considerable biodegradation to alkanes was seen over the course of treatment with 95.9% of these constituents reduced in 12 weeks. An 11.2% reduction in PAHs resulted from the S-200 treatment over 12 weeks, a reduction similar to that seen in Positive Control 2 flasks." Reference - Full Report

In March 2011, field testing of S-200 and other products was initiated by the BioChem Strike Team.

In 2006, a field bioremediation assay was conducted by the Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona on the use of S-200 ten months after the Prestige heavy fuel-oil spill on a beach of the Cantabrian coast in northern Spain. The field survey indicated that S-200 enhanced the biodegradation rate, particularly of high molecular weight n-alkanes, alkylcyclohexanes, and benzenes, and alkylated PAHs. The most significant molecular bioremediation indicators were the depletion of diasteranes and C-27 sterane components.[3]

However, the study was confined to analysis of specific compounds, and did not report whether the application of S-200 caused a decrease in the amount of weathered oil, the detachment of any oil that had been stuck, or any improvement to the visible appearance of the beach.[4]

In 2006, other researchers summarized the findings of experiments on Prestige-affected coastal areas, concluding that oloephilic fertilizers such as S-200 were of "limited effectiveness".[5]

A 2007 test by researchers at the Technical University of Crete comparing a control to treatment by S-200 and treatment by uric acid and lecithin found that the hydrocarbon degradation in a period of 7 days was greater with the uric acid and lecithin treatment than it was with the S-200 treatment and the control.[6]

References

  1. ^ J.R. Gallego, E. Gonzalez-Rojas, A. I. Pelaez, J. Sanchez, M. J. Garcia-Martinez, and J. F. Llamas. "Effectiveness of bioremediation for the Prestige fuel spill: A summary of case studies". Advanced Technology in the Environmental Field: Second IASTED International Conference Proceedings. February 6–8, 2006; Lanzarote, Spain.
  2. ^ "IEP Develops cost-effective oil pollution treatment". Industrial Environment (Press release). International Environmental Products. 2005-07-01. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
  3. ^ Núria Jiménez, Marc Viñas, Jordi Sabaté, Sergi Díez, Josep M. Bayona, Anna M. Solanas, and Joan Albaiges (2006). "The Prestige Oil Spill. 2. Enhanced Biodegradation of a Heavy Fuel Oil under Field Conditions by the Use of an Oleophilic Fertilizer". Environmental Science & Technology. 40 (8). American Chemical Society: 2578–2585. doi:10.1021/es052370z. Retrieved 2009-05-03.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ P. Fernández-Álvarez, J. Vila, J.M. Garrido, M. Grifoll, G. Feijoo, and J.M. Lema (2007). "Evaluation of biodiesel as bioremediation agent for the treatment of the shore affected by the heavy oil spill of the Prestige" (PDF). Journal of Hazardous Materials. 147: 920.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ J.R. Gallego, E. Gonzalez-Rojas, A. I. Pelaez, J. Sanchez, M. J. Garcia-Martinez, and J. F. Llamas. "Effectiveness of bioremediation for the Prestige fuel spill: A summary of case studies". Advanced Technology in the Environmental Field: Second IASTED International Conference Proceedings. February 6–8, 2006; Lanzarote, Spain. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ M. Nikolopoulou, N. Pasadakis, N. Kalogerakis (2007-06-10). "Enhanced bioremediation of crude oil utilizing lipophilic fertilizers". Desalination. 211 (1–3): 286–295. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2006.02.095.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Further reading

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