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Template:WAP assignmentPirateskot (talk) 18:46, 3 March 2011 (UTC)Pirateskot[reply]

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No Net Loss is the United States government's overall policy regrading wetlands preservation. The goal of the policy is to balance wetland loss due to economic development with wetlands reclamation, mitigation, and restorations efforts, so that the total acreage of wetlands in the country does not decrease, but remains constant or increases. [1] [2] To achieve the objective of no net loss, the federal government utilizes several different environmental policy tools which legally protect wetlands, provide rules and regulations for citizens and corporations interacting with wetlands, and incentives for the preservation and conservation of wetlands. Given the multiple benefits[3] of wetlands, the decrease from nearly 220 million acres in the lower 48 states to 107.7 million acres in 2004 [4] is of great concern to local, state, and federal agencies as well as the public interest they serve. Pirateskot (talk) 17:04, 31 March 2011 (UTC)pirateskot[reply]

Origins of No Net Loss

It has been estimated that over half the acreage of wetlands in the United States has been lost within the last four hundred years. Currently, approximately 100 million acres of wetlands remain[5]. Since the 1950s, over fifty percent of this loss has come from wetlands being transitioned to agricultural lands[6]. Other contributing factors to wetlands loss include but are not limited to development and forestry. Yingkeli (talk) 12:27, 1 April 2011 (UTC)[reply]

No Net Loss Wetlands Policy was written in the 1987 at the National Wetlands Policy Forum [7] and was first adopted by President George H.W. Bush administration in 1989. The policy, which represented compromise between development and conservation, was grounded on the needs to protect the wetlands by creating and restoring the wetlands. Pirateskot (talk) 16:37, 31 March 2011 (UTC)pirateskot[reply]

Definition of No Net Loss

  • permitting under the Clean Water Act §404 for activities that dredge or fill nations waters[8]
  • mitigation policies - replace and restore destroyed wetlands to prevent net loss

Pirateskot (talk) 21:09, 30 March 2011 (UTC)pirateskot[reply]

No Net Loss Policy Under Past President Presidential Administrations

George H.W. Bush

No Net Loss was first adopted as a national goal under George H.W. Bush’s administration in 1988, after he campaigned on the policy. It emphasized three elements on its policy: strengthening the wetland conservation and acquisition measures, revising the delineation manual, improving and streamlining the wetlands regulatory program[9] . All of these measures are aimed at maintaining wetlands quantity and quality of the national wetland resources.

Bill Clinton

During his presidency, Bill Clinton's administration reiterated the same pledge by endorsing and updating the No Net Loss Policy. The Clinton Administration’s commitment was to increase the fairness and flexibility, as well as speed of permit issuances over dredged or fill materials into waters as a part of the Section 404 CWA implementation. It also aimed to resolve the differences in the delineation of wetlands area. Finally, the administration committed to increasing funding for wetland restoration measures, such as Wetland Reserve Program under the USDA, voluntary wetlands restoration programs, non-regulatory conservation initiatives, and mitigation banks.[10]The Clinton administration's 1998 Clean Water Action Plan aimed for a net gain of 100,000 acres of wetlands each year[11] .

George W. Bush

The administration of George W. Bush endorsed the no net loss goal in December of 2002, when it released the National Wetlands Mitigation Action Plan. This plan outlined improvements to be implement in wetland protection and mitigation by the Army Corps of Engineers, the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, the Department of the Interior, the Department of Agriculture, and the Federal Highway Administration. [12] Additional action by the Bush administration includes a push to clarify and redefine wetlands under the Clean Water Act. This proposal, published on January 10, 2003 guided federal agencies to not require Clean Water Act permits for non-navigable and isolated wetlands.

Barack Obama

Following the lead of the previous three presidential administrations, Barack Obama also pledged his commitment to No Net Loss. The Obama administration increased funding of the North American Wetlands Conservation Act to ensure no net loss operation, however funding has been cut in the current budget[13]. Obama campaigned to amend the Clean Water Act and to extend the Swampbuster program, however these commitments have yet to be followed through with. Barack Obama’s administration is additionally is working with Congress to amend the Clean Water Act so that isolated wetlands will fall under the Act’s protection[14]. 16:28, 31 March 2011 (UTC)pirateskot Yingkeli (talk) 20:53, 31 March 2011 (UTC)[reply]

Federal Policy Tools

Assigning Rights

Clean Water Act §404 - cannot discharge into waters of the US, this includes wetlands §404

  • Wetlands under the CWA - cannot always be subject to 404 since:
    • Supreme Court Decision: Rapanos v. United States (2006) changed how wetlands are regulated under the clear water act[15][16]
    • Based on Rapano s v. United States Army Corps of Engineers
  • Campbell vs. United States Army Corps of Engineers
    • must pass the Justice Kennedy’s Test (significant nexus between traditional navigable waters and the water under question) & the *Plurality Test (relative permanence of water flow, continuous surface flow with traditional navigable waters)

not all wetlands can be regulated under the CWA

  • 2001 Supreme Court decision Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County (SWANCC) v. United States Army Corps of Engineers

limited scope of Corpos authority to isolated wetlands in §404 Permitting[17] Pirateskot (talk) 21:09, 30 March 2011 (UTC)pirateskot[reply]

Other Wetlands Laws and Regulations

Year Law Description
2000 Corps updated permitting with limits Description
1996 Migratory Bird Rule - 1995 bills to change wetland management but don’t become law Description
1994 National Food Security Act Manual url=http://www.wetlands.com/fed/fr190194.htm}}</ref>
19 93 Clinton’s “Protecting America’s Wetlands: A Fair, Flexible, and Effective Approach” Description[19]
1992 Takings of wetlands Supreme Court Decision Lucas v. North Carolina Description[20]
1991 EPA revised federal manual of 1989 Description
1990 Food, Agricultural, Conservation and Trade Act Description
1989 Federal manual by EPA, COE, FWS, SCS Description

Pirateskot (talk) 21:09, 30 March 2011 (UTC)pirateskot[reply]

=Non-regulatory protection=[21] State 10th amendment (police powers)

Year Act Effect
???? §101, 303, 319, 402 of Clean Water Act Effect
???? Migratory Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamp Act Effect
1985/1990 Farm Bills Swampbuster Provision Effect
???? Small Wetland Acquisition Program (SWAP) Effect
???? Water Bank Act Example
1990 §6217 of Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments (CZARA) Example
Example Fish and Wildlife Service's Wetland Action Plan Example
Example Example Example
Example Example Example

Pirateskot (talk) 16:36, 31 March 2011 (UTC)pirateskot[reply]

Programs

  • Private Sector- Public Sector Collaboration
    • conservation easement programs
    • federal grants and direct payments
    • education
    • land banks
    • voluntary programs
  • International
  • National
  • State Wetland Protection

States government tools for addressing wetland protection, include but not limited to:

  1. zoning authority
  2. land use definition
  3. benchmarks regulating net gain or loss
  4. State Wetland Conservation Plans[22]
  5. aquisition
  • Local Wetland Protection[23]

Local governments tools for addressing wetland protection, include but are not limited to:

  1. Stakeholder involvement
  2. Local Wetland Strategic Plans
  3. ordinances regarding protection, zoning and development plans
  4. mitigation banking

Yingkeli (talk) 20:58, 31 March 2011 (UTC)[reply]

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Nowhere near no net loss" (PDF). National Wildlife Federation. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  2. ^ "No Net Loss Policy" (PDF). University of Florida Law.
  3. ^ "EPA Wetlands Fact Sheet". Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  4. ^ Copeland, Claudia. "Specialist in Resources and Environmental Policy" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
  5. ^ Dahl; et al. "History of Wetlands in the Conterminous United States". US Geological Survey. Retrieved 1 April 2011. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last= (help)
  6. ^ Hansen, Leroy. "AREI Chapter 2.3: Wetlands: Status and Trends". USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
  7. ^ "History of Federal Involvement in Wetlands" (PDF). THE Ohio State University. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  8. ^ "Federal Wetland Policies and National Trends" (PDF). US Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  9. ^ Heimlich, Ralph. "Wetlands Policy in Clean Water Act" (PDF).
  10. ^ Blumm, Michael. "The Clinton Wetlands Plan: No Net Gain in Wetlands Protection".
  11. ^ "Clean Water Action Plan". US EPA. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  12. ^ "National Wetlands Mitigation Action Plan" (PDF). US EPA. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  13. ^ DOI Budget FY2011. DOI http://www.doi.gov/budget/2011/11Hilites/BH055.pdf. Retrieved 31 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  14. ^ "BARACK OBAMA: SUPPORTING THE RIGHTS AND TRADITIONS OF SPORTSME" (PDF). BarackObama.com. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  15. ^ "Rapanos v. United States".
  16. ^ "SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES" (PDF).
  17. ^ "Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook Cty. v. Army Corps of Engineers".
  18. ^ "1996+migratory+bird+blue+law*wetlands "It's the "Supreme Law of the Land": Using the".
  19. ^ "PROTECTING AMERICA'S WETLANDS:".
  20. ^ "Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council".
  21. ^ http://www.water.ncsu.edu/watershedss/info/wetlands/protect.html. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  22. ^ US EPA. "What is a State Wetland Conservation Plan?". What is a State Wetland Conservation Plan?.
  23. ^ Turner, Marjut; et al. "WATERSHEDSS: Water, Soil and Hydro-Environmental Decision Support System". WATERSHEDSS: Water, Soil and Hydro-Environmental Decision Support System. North Carolina State University. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last= (help)

Bibliography Links

http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/
http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/jun1998/ao252e.pdf
http://www.law.ufl.edu/conservation/waterways/waterfronts/pdf/no_net_loss.pdf
http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2025&context=faculty_scholarship
http://www.fws.gov/policy/660fw1.html
http://web.mit.edu/ckolstad/www/Salzman.pdf
http://cf.nwf.org/wildlife/pdfs/nowherenearnonetloss.pdf
http://swamp.osu.edu/academics/ENR%20725/US%20Wetland%20Policy%20History.pdf
http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/pdf/map1226withsign.pdf
http://www.ucowr.org/updates/pdf/V94_A6.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapanos_v._United_States
http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/pdf/Rapanos_SupremeCourt.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_Waste_Agency_of_Northern_Cook_Cty._v._Army_Corps_of_Engineers limited scope of Corpos authority to isolated wetlands
http://nationalaglawcenter.org/assets/bibarticles/blumm_clinton.pdf.
http://ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/10Jun/RL33483.pdf
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1140&context=pelr&sei-redir=1#search="1996+migratory+bird+blue+law*wetlands"
http://www.wetlands.com/fed/fr190194.htm
http://www.wetlands.com/fed/aug93wet.htm
http://www.wetlands.com/pdf/89manv3b.pdf
http://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/farmbll.html
http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0505_1003_ZO.html
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d01325.pdf
http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-guidelines-guidelines-for-reviewing/main/ramsar/1-31-105%5E20827_4000_0__#p1
http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1525/bio.2011.61.1.10
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V8C-48B0NY3-M-1&_cdi=5867&_user=1105409&_pii=0166516289900487&_origin=gateway&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1989&_sk=999879998&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkzk&md5=257efc4948b9a8d886093f42a9770fb9&ie=/sdarticle.pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.0022-0477.2001.00602.x/pdf
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/314/5797/285.full
http://www.law.fsu.edu/journals/landuse/vol112/carreja.html
http://www.fs.fed.us/spf/coop/programs/loa/wrp.shtml
http://www.fws.gov/policy/660fw1.html
http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aer765/aer765f.pdf
Pirateskot (talk) 18:39, 3 March 2011 (UTC)Pirateskot[reply]
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T3Y-49H83TK-1-1&_cdi=4959&_user=1105409&_pii=0167880986901350&_origin=gateway&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1986&_sk=999819997&view=c&wchp=dGLzVzb-zSkWA&md5=cad55616b6fe377c9da3eec652f02ab9&ie=/sdarticle.pdf
http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/_documents/gSandT/OtherInformation/MonitoringWetlandChangesUSWetlandsStatusTrendsStudy.pdf
http://water.usgs.gov/nwsum/WSP2425/legislation.html
Pirateskot (talk) 18:51, 3 March 2011 (UTC)Pirateskot[reply]
http://ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/10Jun/RL33483.pdf
Pirateskot (talk) 21:25, 30 March 2011 (UTC)pirateskot[reply]

Various Links with an Indiana focus

http://www.in.gov/idem/4407.htm
http://aswm.org/swp/
http://www.skirsch.com/politics/Bush/rollbacks.pdf
http://www.uswaternews.com/archives/arcpolicy/2envdev9.html
http://www.in.nrcs.usda.gov/intranet/Manual%20Supplements/part%20514_Indiana%20Amendment%202attachment3.pdf
http://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/FNR/FNR-171-W.pdf
http://wetlandresearch.com/wiki/index.php?title=Indiana
http://www.wetlandresearch.com/wiki/index.php?title=No_Net_Loss
Pirateskot (talk) 19:09, 3 March 2011 (UTC)Pirateskot[reply]


Professor's comments

You have provided quite a number of good citations. Have you thought about how each will fit into your article? Some seem so technically oriented, that I am not sure you will need them.

I had hoped to see more of an outline at this point in the process. I encourage you to work up an outline as soon as possible so that you will have a direction in which to work.

The focus of the article is to be on policy related to wetlands. What are the laws, regulations, programs and such? Where did they come from? What support is there for the approaches and how well have they worked? What was the origin of the no-net-loss approach?

However, as we discussed in class, you have to understand the science, practices and impacts of the wetlands destruction and preservation before you can understand its regulation. You need a strategy to provide background information on wetlands themselves. That may mean editing and referencing existing materials in Wikipedia, or it may require you to build that material into your site (or a related cross-referenced site).

Try to make some rapid progress on this.

Enviro econ guy (talk) 15:12, 23 March 2011 (UTC)[reply]

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