Emily Lawless

Emily Lawless (17 June 1845 – 19 October 1913) was an Irish novelist and poet from County Kildare.

Biography

She was born at Lyons House below Lyons Hill, Ardclough, County Kildare. Her grandfather was Valentine Lawless, a member of the United Irishmen and son of a convert from Catholicism to the Church of Ireland. Her father was Edward Lawless, 3rd Baron Cloncurry (d. 1896), thus giving her the title of "the Honourable". In contrast her brother Edward Lawless was a landowner with strong Unionist opinions, a policy of not employing Roman Catholics in any position in his household, and chairman of the Property Defence Association set up in 1880 to oppose the Land League and "uphold the rights of property against organised combination to defraud". Horace Plunkett was a cousin. It is widely believed that she was a lesbian and that Lady Sarah Spencer, dedicatee of A Garden Diary (1901) was her lover.

She spent part of her childhood with the Kirwans of Castlehackett, County Galway, her mother's family, and drew on West of Ireland themes for many of her works. She occasionally used ‘Edith Lytton’ as pen name.

Writings

Emily wrote 19 books of fiction, biography, history, nature studies and poetry, many of which were widely read at the time. She is most famous nowadays for her Wild Geese poems. Her books were:

• A Chelsea Householder (1882)
• A Millionaire's cousin (1885)
• Ireland(1885)
• Hurrish (1886)
• Major Lawrence FLS (1887)
• With Essex in Ireland (1890)
• Grania (1892)
• Maelcho (1894)
• Plain Frances Mowbray and Other Tales (1889)
• A Colonel of the Empire (1895)
• Traits and Confidences (1898)
• Atlantic Rhymes & Rhythms (1898)
• A Garden Diary (1901)
• With The Wild Geese (1902)
• Maria Edgeworth (1904)
• Book of Gilly (1906)
• The Point of View (1909)
• The Race of Castlebar (1914) - co-authored with Shan Bullock
• The Inalienable Heritage (1914)

Hurrish

Some critics identify a theme of noble landlord and noble peasant in her fourth book, Hurrish, a Land War story set in the Burren County Clare which was read by William Ewart Gladstone and said to have influenced his policy. It deals with the theme of Irish hostility to English law. In the course of the book a landlord is assassinated, and Hurrish's mother Bridget, refuses to identify the murderer, a dull witted brutal neighbour.

It described the Burren Hills as 'skeletons—rain-worn, time-worn, wind-worn—starvation made visible, and embodied in a landscape.' The book was criticised by Irish-Ireland journals for its 'grossly exaggerated violence', its embarrassing dialect, staid characters. According to The Nation 'she looked down on peasantry from the pinnacle of her three generation nobility'.

Her reputation was damaged by William Butler Yeats who accused her in a critique of having 'an imperfect sympathy with the Celtic nature’ and for adopting 'theory invented by political journalists and forensic historians.' Despite this Yeats included With Essex in Ireland and Maelcho in his list of the best Irish novels.

Essex and Grania

Her historical novel With Essex in Ireland was better received and was ahead of its time in developing the unreliable narrator as a technique. Gladstone mistook it for an authentic Elizabethan document.

Her seventh book, Grania, about “a very queer girl leaping and dancing over the rocks of the sea” examined the misogynism of an Aran Island fishing society.

'An unflagging unionist, she recognised the rich literary potential in the native tradition and wrote novels with peasant heroes and heroines, Lawless depicted with equal sympathy the Anglo-Irish landholders,' Betty Webb Brewer wrote in the Irish American Cultural Institute's journal Éire/Ireland in 1983.

With the Wild Geese

Unusually for such a strong Unionist, her Wild Geese poems (1902) became very popular and were widely quoted in nationalist circles, especially the lines:

War-battered dogs are we,

Fighters in every clime;

Fillers of trench and of grave,

Mockers bemocked by time.

War-dogs hungry and grey,

Gnawing a naked bone,

Fighters in every clime

Every cause but our own

Two of the poems including "Clare Coast" (source of the above lines) and "After Aughrim" were included by the editors of The Oxford Book of Irish Verse (1958).

Legacy

Her papers are in Marsh's Library in Dublin.

A book of criticism on Lawless--Emily Lawless (1845-1913): Writing the Interspace by Heidi Hansson—was published in 2007 by Cork University Press.

External links

• Works by Emily Lawless at Project Gutenberg (only The Story of Ireland)

'Troublesome Subjects: History, Nature and Gender in the Irish Writings of Emily Lawless' by Michael O'Flynn, D.Phil thesis, University of Sussex, 2005 British Library.