Orma (clan)
The Tana Orma (also Warra Daaya , Warrdeh or Warday called) are a group of Oromo , the west of the river Tana in the administrative region Coast of Kenya lives. Its population is several tens of thousands. The Orma is a tribe found in Eastern Kenya, mostly along the lower Tana River. They are also called Galla, a term used in Ethiopia (but now considered pejorative) to refer to Oromo people. Contents [ hide ]
General
Orma is the general form of the word "Oromo" in the southern dialect of the Oromo language . The addition of Tana serves to distinguish from other southern Oromo as the Borana . Warra Daaya first appears in an Arabic source from the 15th Century and of the neighboring Somali name for the Orma used as: the Orma use it only for returnees and their descendants in the state of dependence in the Somali have lived as slaves. In the historical sense, it is generally Oromo in Kenya and Somalia, used for, the Borana are not members. The Orma are semi-nomadic shepherds. They live in the southeastern deserts of Kenya except during the rainy season when they move their herds inland.
History
Sources and traditions which lived Warra Daaya earlier in a wide area of the southern foothills of the Ethiopian highlands in the north to Mombasa in the south and from Marsabit in the west to the river Juba in today's Somalia . Other peoples such as the Gabbra and Somali them write the establishment of several ancient tombs and wells in the districts of Marsabit, Wajir and Mandera to, alternatively, these mythical ethnic group Madanle attributed, and Warra Daaya and Madanle by these people as interchangeable synonyms for one of them people living there before needed. In the 19th Century saw a decline in the Warra Daaya, largely by Somali clan of the Darod were displaced. The Somali were initially dependent on the Warra Daaya as established, but they were outnumbered them gradually as they began to fight them. An important result will be a smallpox epidemic that played that in 1865 the Warra Daaya Afmadow met in today's Somalia. Many Orma were part of the fighting and looting during this time captured in. Enslaved Warday -boys were among the Somali nomadic herdsmen in great demand as women and girls as concubines. Men were often killed in the fighting. 1909 moved the British colonial power in Kenya, the remaining Warra Daaya in its present territory west of the Tana, it from further spread of the Somali to be able to protect. Most of the Orma live today in Tana River District in Coast Province, especially many in the delta of the Tana. Furthermore, there are some settlements in the district Lamu east of Tana. [1] In recent decades, they were re-armed Somali, called Shiftas , harassed (see Shifta war ). [2] In the 1970s, it lost because of drought, about 70% of their livestock. As a result, impoverished part of them, and many were from nomadic to semi-nomadic and sedentary people, the little animals (cattle, goats and sheep) still hold. In the 1980s there was another, almost as heavy losses drought. [3] Nevertheless, it appears that the economic situation of the Galole Orma - a subgroup, the seasonal water-bearing river is named after one - 1987 and to have improved between the 1980th This should increase the trade to be a result, in particular, the prices also rose, the Orma for their cattle could get the Galole. This is creating markets, two new, opened the shepherds directly instead of through intermediaries, which could sell to, and their cattle was also via Nairobi to Arabic exported to what by devaluation of the Kenyan currency has been the most favored. This allowed more Galole Orma, participate in this trade. The income from this trade flowed into the local economy. Orma also have jobs for the activities of the State Galole created during construction work as well - for the few who have secondary education on a - as teachers and civil servants. A local quarry was for government buildings as well as private businesses provide material. Enrollment rates rose) investigated period (1979-1987, from 26 to 50% for boys and from 4 to 30% for girls. [3] Repeats country lost the Orma relating to the establishment of irrigation projects, game reserves and commercial ranches . [1] Today (2008) is planning a Kenyan company, the Tana Delta plantations for growing sugar cane for ethanol production to create. This is a hand job for the people living Orma and Pokomo create, on the other hand, conflicts with nature conservation and ecotourism, and the Orma would lose grazing land. The land that was offered them compensation as is, with tsetse infested. While the peasant Pokomo this project is more positive about it opposed to the semi-nomadic Orma decreasing. [2] Cultural elements [ Edit ]
The clans of the Tana Orma belong to two major subgroups ( moieties ), the Bareytuma and Irdida ( Arsi ), while the Oromo as a whole, according to the Ethiopian monk Bahrey in the 16th Century in the Moieties Baraytuma and Borana were divided. The names of the clans of Bareytuma in the Tana Orma broadly reflect the name of the Baraytuma clan after Bahrey. Günther Schlee concludes that most of the original Warra Daaya / Tana Orma from the group of Baraytuma came, where later a second group from different elements was next made, as the division of the Oromo to the traditional rules of marriage is important for. Oral traditions have also clearly indicates that mutual in-and outflows between the Borana and the Warra Daaya was. Most of the nomadic peoples of the region - the Borana and their affiliated with and Gabbra Sakuye , the Somali and Rendille - built their houses with the entrance to the west, probably to the east coming from wind. Accordingly, they describe the North as a "right" and south as "left". This is among the Orma exactly the opposite of what an ancient ritual separation from the other subgroup, the Borana, could pose to Schlee.
External links
Günther Schlee: Identities on the move: Clanship and pastoralism in northern Kenya , Manchester University Press 1989, ISBN 9780719030109 (pp. 35-38) Günther Schlee: Who are the Orma? The problem of their identification in a framework against Oromo , in: University of Bielefeld: Sociology of Development Research Centre, Working Paper no. 170, 1992 (engl., PDF) Itemization
↑ a b Jean Ensminger and Andrew Rutten: The Political Economy of Changing Property Rights: Dismantling a Pastoral Commons , in: American Ethnologist , Vol 18 / 4, 1991 (p. 683-699) ↑ a b Marc Engelhardt: The sugar of progress , in: Berliner Zeitung , 17 September 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2009. ↑ a b Jean Ensminger: Structural Transformation and its Consequences for Orma Women pastoralists , in: Structural adjustment and African women farmers , 1991, ISBN 9780813010632 (p. 281-300)