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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Cpoon23 (talk | contribs) at 18:45, 19 March 2012 (3-4 paragraphs and outline). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Biography

Endel Tulving (born May 26, 1927 in Estonia) has had multiple career changes before finding himself at the scientific doorstep of neuroscience. One of Tulving's most notable work began in 1956 when he began his career as a professor at the University of Toronto.[1]

Deeper biography of his life from age 9-60+[1]

Recall and Retrieval

Episodic and Semantic Memory

• Elements of Episodic Memory[2]

o Episodic memory is time-lagged and more far-ranging as opposed to semantic.[3]

o There is something different about semantic memory – based on past beliefs where factual knowledge has a degree of permanence (remaining unchanged).[4][5] • Differences between episodic and semantic memory

o Aristotle saw semantic memory as a “higher” element that transmutes experience into knowledge. While Tulving does not necessarily give us a clear answer as to how episodic memory transforms into semantic memory, he does suggest the differing factor may be the retrieval cues used. • Retrieval cues for episodic memory are just that, episodes, while the retrieval cues for semantic memory are semantic (factual cues). o As elaborated by Murray in his review of Elements of Episodic Memory, new information may not be attached in our minds to old feelings (episodes) but to old information. • E.g. He remembers the situational contexts when learning his first French word. However, for the majority of the rest of the French words he learns after, the cues are English words or other French words, as opposed to where and when he learned them. o Tulving makes it a point to ensure the term “strength” when speaking of concepts is not misunderstood. It does not mean the memory itself is stronger than others, but refers moreso to the trace strength between the memory traces and retrieval cues. This plays off the fact Tulving believed encoding was not simply a process. It was an actual event, focusing on the neural activity that occurs. • The difficulty here is the impossibility of being able to measure encoding separately from retrieval. We cannot measure the probability of these two events independently, only through the study of the relationships between the two is the closest we can get. o While it is thought that some thoughts are ambiguously categorized into semantic or episodic – once motivation enters the equation, it seems as though this may not be the case. This is due to the fact that episodic memory can be changed due to emotions, moods, desires, needs, therefore embedding themselves deep in the root of the self.[6]

Encoding Specificity Principle

• “What is stored is determined by what is perceived and how it is encoded, and what is stored determines what retrieval cues are effective in providing access to what is stored”[7][8]

• Expand on synergestic ecphory[9] – synergestic ecphory in recall and recognition (Tulving, Endel). MUST CITE STILL

• Recognition failure of recallable words. o describe the weak association between target and the cue and how a “forward” association between cue and target is stronger than “backwards” association between target and cue. o Describe how the encoding specifity principle offers a general (though weak) reasoning for these understandings.[10]

o Wiseman-Tulving function[11]

Amnesia and Consciousness

• Either type of memory can be affected, but it does not have to be both.[12]

Implicit Memory and Priming

Autonoesis

• The ability to go back in time mentally, free of the immediate stimulus environment[13][14] • Spoon test[15] • Episodic memory and being able to project into the future[16]

Other Scientific Contributions

References

  1. ^ a b No, authorship indicated. "APF gold medal award: Endel tulving". University of Western Ontario Library. American Psychologist. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
  2. ^ Tulving, Endel (NaN undefined NaN). "E M  : From Mind to Brain". Annual Review of Psychology. 53 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ Murray, David (NaN undefined NaN). "Review of Elements of episodic memory". Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne. 26 (3): 235–238. doi:10.1037/h0084438. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ Murray, David (NaN undefined NaN). "Review of Elements of episodic memory". Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne. 26 (3): 235–238. doi:10.1037/h0084438. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ Tulving, Endel (NaN undefined NaN). "What kind of a hypothesis is the distinction between episodic and semantic memory?". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 12 (2): 307–311. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.12.2.307. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ Murray, David (NaN undefined NaN). "Review of Elements of episodic memory". Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne. 26 (3): 235–238. doi:10.1037/h0084438. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ Nilsson, Lars-Göran (NaN undefined NaN). "Recognition failure of recallable unique names: Evidence for an empirical law of memory and learning". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 14 (2): 266–277. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.14.2.266. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Tulving, Endel (NaN undefined NaN). "Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory". Psychological Review. 80 (5): 352–373. doi:10.1037/h0020071. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Tulving, Endel (NaN undefined NaN). "Synergistic ecphory in recall and recognition". Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie. 36 (2): 130–147. doi:10.1037/h0080641. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ Nilsson, Lars-Göran (NaN undefined NaN). "Recognition failure of recallable unique names: Evidence for an empirical law of memory and learning". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 14 (2): 266–277. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.14.2.266. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Tulving, Endel (NaN undefined NaN). "On the nature of the Tulving-Wiseman function". Psychological Review. 99 (3): 543–546. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.99.3.543. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Murray, David (NaN undefined NaN). "Review of Elements of episodic memory". Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne. 26 (3): 235–238. doi:10.1037/h0084438. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ Terrace, edited by Herbert S. (2005). The missing link in cognition : origins of self-reflective consciousness. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195161564. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Tulving, Endel (NaN undefined NaN). "E M  : From Mind to Brain". Annual Review of Psychology. 53 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ Terrace, edited by Herbert S. (2005). The missing link in cognition : origins of self-reflective consciousness. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195161564. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Terrace, edited by Herbert S. (2005). The missing link in cognition : origins of self-reflective consciousness. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195161564. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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