Relative change

The relative difference, percent difference, relative percent difference, or percentage difference between two quantities is the difference between them, expressed as a comparison to the size of one or both of them. Such measures are unitless numbers. Such measures are often used as a quantitative indicators of quality assurance and quality control for repeated measurements where the outcomes are expected to be the same. Similar terms are percentage change and relative change, which are ways to express a change in a quantity compared to its starting value.

Background

Percent difference is similar to another comparison technique called percent error, which is when one determines an experimental value and is comparing it to the accepted or actual value. Percent difference is different in that neither of the two values are assumed to be incorrect if there is a difference.

Formula

Measures of relative difference are unitless numbers expressed as a fractions. Corresponding values of percent difference would be obtained by multiplying these values by 100.

One approach to obtain the relative difference of two numbers is their absolute difference divided by the maximum of the two numbers.

d_{r}={\frac {|x-y|}{\max(|x|,|y|)}}\,

for at least one of the values not equal zero. This approach is especially useful when comparing floating point values in programming languages for equality with a certain tolerance^[1]. Another application is in the computation of approximation errors when the relative error of a measurement is required.

Another approach to obtain the relative difference of two numbers is their absolute difference divided by a standard value of the two numbers, e.g. their arithmetic mean:

d_{r}={\frac {|x-y|}{\left({\frac {|x+y|}{2}}\right)}}\,.

This approach is often used when the two numbers reflect a change in some single underlying entity.^{[citation needed]} A problem with the above approach is that if x and y have the same magnitude but opposite sign, then

{\frac {|x+y|}{2}}=0,

which causes division by 0. So it may be better to replace the denominator with the average of the absolute values of x and y:^{[citation needed]}

d_{r}={\frac {|x-y|}{\left({\frac {|x|+|y|}{2}}\right)}}\,.

Percent error

The general standard of calculating the percent error involves using the absolute difference of the experimental (measured) and theoretical (accepted) values. Then take the difference and divide it by the theoretical (accepted) value to get percent error,

\%{\text{ Error}}={\frac {|{\text{Experimental}}-{\text{Theoretical}}|}{\text{Theoretical}}}\times 100

.

The terms "Experimental" and "Theoretical" used in the equation above are commonly replaced with other similar terms. Other terms used for "experimental" could be measured or calculated and other terms used for "theoretical" could be actual or accepted. Either way, don't let the varying word choices confuse value assignment in the equation. Experimental value is what someone derived by use of calculation and measurement and would like to test its accuracy with the theoretical value, a value that is accepted by a scientific community or a value that could be seen as a goal for a successful result.

By using absolute functions in the percent error equation, we understand that the solution will always be a positive percent value. However, in the academic arena, it can be beneficial to remove the absolute function so as to provide more information to the result. Therefore, if a experimental value is less than the theoretical value, the percent error will be negative. This negative result lets the author and reader know more information about the experimental result. For example, experimentally calculating the speed of light and coming up with a negative percent error tells us that the experimental value is a velocity that is less than the speed of light. This is a big difference to getting a positive percent error, which means the experimental value is a velocity that is greater than the speed of light (violating the theory of relativity).

So rewriting the percent error equation by removing the absolute function, we have,

\%{\text{ Error}}={\frac {{\text{Experimental}}-{\text{Theoretical}}}{\text{Theoretical}}}\times 100.

Without the use of the absolute function, it's important to note that the two values in the numerator are not commutative due to the use of subtraction without the absolute function. Therefore, it must remain as shown above: subtract the theoretical value from the experimental value and not vice versa.

Percentage change

A percentage change is a way to express a change in a variable. It represents the relative change between the old value and the new one.

For example, if a house today is worth $100,000 and the year after its worth goes up to $110,000, the percentage change of its worth can be expressed as

{\frac {110000-100000}{100000}}=0.1=10\%.

It can then be said that the worth of the house went up by 10%.

More generally, if V₁ represents the old value and V₂ the new one,

{\text{Percentage change}}={\frac {\Delta V}{V_{1}}}={\frac {V_{2}-V_{1}}{V_{1}}}\times 100.

When the variable in question is a percentage itself, it is better to talk about its change by using percentage points, to avoid confusion between relative difference and absolute difference.

Note you would need to use an absolute value for V₁ in the denominator regarding values with V₁ being a negative and V₂ being positive, as well as V₁ being negative, and V₂ being greater than V₁ but still negative.

Examples

Comparing different groups

Let's look at a group of people, some males and some females. Here are the percentages of each subgroup that enjoy watching a particular TV show:

 Males   35%
 Females 75%

The absolute difference is 40 percentage points (75% − 35%). The relative differences can be stated several ways:

 47%  = 35%/75%
 Males enjoy the TV show 47% less frequently than females.
 Or, about half as often as females.

 214% = 75%/35%
 Females enjoy the TV show 214% more frequently than males.
 Or, over twice as often as males.

As ratios:

 0.47 = 35/75  Males relative to females.
 2.14 = 75/35  Females relative to males.

As percentages:

  47% = 35/75  Males relative to females.
 214% = 75/35  Females relative to males.

Characterizing change

Now let's look at a group of genderless Martians, before and after watching that TV show. The percentages of the group favorable to Earthlings are

 Before 75%
 After  35%

The absolute difference is −0.4 or −40% (35% − 75%), e.g. Martian favorability to Earthlings decreased by 40 percentage points after watching the show. The relative difference (−0.4/0.75) can also be stated as a ratio (−0.53) or as a percentage (−53%), e.g. Martian favorability to Earthlings decreased 53% after watching the show.

References

^ What's a good way to check for close enough floating-point equality

"Understanding Measurement and Graphing" (PDF). North Carolina State University. 2008-08-20. Retrieved 2010-05-05. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
Hester, Jerry (2006-01-27). "Physics Tutorial: %Error and %Difference". Clemson University. Retrieved 2010-05-05. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
"Percent Difference – Percent Error" (PDF). Illinois State University, Dept of Physics. 2004-07-20. Retrieved 2010-05-05.

External links

[1] What's a good way to check for close enough floating-point equality

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