Ibid.
Ibid. (Latin, short for ibidem, meaning "the same place") is the term used to provide an endnote or footnote citation or reference for a source that was cited in the preceding endnote or footnote. It is similar in meaning to idem (meaning something that has been mentioned previously; the same), abbreviated Id., which is commonly used in legal citation.[1] To find the ibid. source, one must look at the reference preceding it.
Example
- [1] E. Vijh, Latin for Dummies (New York: Academic, 1997), p. 23.
- [2] Ibid.
- [3] Ibid., p. 29.
- [4] Al Azif, The Necronomicon (Petrus de Dacia, 1994).
- [5] Ibid. 4, at 34
Reference 2 is the same as reference 1: E. Vijh, Latin for Dummies on page 23, whereas reference 3 refers to the same work but at a different location, namely page 29. Intervening entries require a reference to the original citation in the form Ibid. <citation #>, as in reference 5. Notice that ibid. is an abbreviation where the last two letters of the word are not present; thus, it always takes a period (or full stop) in both British and American usage.
See also
- Bibliography
- The Chicago Manual of Style
- Ibid: A Life is a novel by Mark Dunn, made up entirely of endnotes.
- Id.
- List of Latin abbreviations
- List of Latin phrases
- List of legal Latin terms
- Loc. cit.
- MLA style
- Op. cit.
- [[sic]]
- Supra
