User:ChelseaThompson/sandbox

ChelseaThompson/sandbox
Names
	IUPAC name 6-Methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole
	Other names 6-MeO-THBC;; 5-MeO-TLN
Identifiers
Properties
Chemical formula	C12H14N2O
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

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Rewrite this introduction. Pinoline is a methoxylated tryptoline that occurs in the pineal gland during the metabolism of melatonin and is a natural component of human blood and cerebral spinal fluid. Its chemical name is 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (6-MeO-THBC). The biological activity of this molecule is of interest as a potential free radical scavenger (antioxidant), similar to that function of melatonin.^[1] It is also connected with higher states of consciousness, e.g. during meditation.^[2]

Production in mammals

Synthesis in the pineal gland, structurally related to melatonin, is a beta-carboline, what beta-carbolines do, how pinoline has been confirmed to play a role in those processes

^[3]

Reuptake inhibitor

Process

indication in the inhibition of the re-uptake of serotonin and norepinephrine once it inhibits the activity of monoamine oxidase A, creating a build-up of these neurotransmitters in the synapses, also reducing the uptake of serotonin in the CNS

^[4]

Effects

a build-up of these neurotransmitters in synapses has shown anti-depressant effects; discuss studies that have shown the anti-depressant effects in rats

^[5]

Antioxidant

most of the research surrounding this molecule have been in its antioxidant effects and how those effects compare to melatonin and other beta-carbolines

^[6]

mention the significance of having antioxidants in the brain, csf, retinas; pinoline protects against glutamate, NO, OH

^[7] ^[8]

the debate between the effects of pinoline versus melatonin in vivo and in vitro

^[9]

Side effects

Acts much like melatonin, effects circadian rhythm, development of genital organs, might influence the periodicity of REM sleep

^[10] ^[11]

in chronic doses, can reduce the weight of the pituitary gland, the ovaries, and the uterus; increase the weights of the adrenal glands.

^[12]

References

^ Schiller, Erich (2003). Free Radicals and Inhalation Pathology: Respiratory System, Mononuclear Phagocyte System, Hypoxia and Reoxygenation, Pneumoconioses, and Other Granulomatoses, Cancer (Google Books, page view). Springer. p. 107. ISBN 978-3-540-00201-7. Retrieved 2009-02-14. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ A. Newberg, A. Alavi et al., "The measurement of regional cerebral blood flow during the complex cognitive task of meditation: a preliminary SPECT study", in Psychiatry Res. 10 april 2001, 106(2): 113-122
^ Airaksinen, M. M., Huang, J. T., Ho, B. T., Taylor, D., and Walker, K. (1978) Acta Pharmacol Toxicol. 43, 375-380.
^ Pahkla, R., Zilmer, M., Kullisaar, T., Rago, L. (1998). "Comparison of the antioxidant activity of melatonin and pinoline in vitro". J. Pineal Research, 24, 96-101.
^ Pahkla, R., Kask, A., Rago, L. (1999). "Differential effects of beta-carbolines and antidepressants on rat exploratory activity in the elevated zero-maze". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 65(4), 737-742.
^ Garcia, J. J., et al. (1999). J. of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes, 31(6), 609-615.
^ Herrera, F., et al. (2001). "Glutamate induces oxidative stress not mediated by glutamate receptors or cystine transporters: protective effect of melatonin and other antioxidants". J. Pineal Research, 31, 356-362.
^ Milano-Plano, S. et al. (2010). "Melatonin and structurally-related compounds protect synaptosomal membranes from free radical damage". International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 11, 312-328.
^ Pless, G., Frederiksen, T. J. P., Garcia, J. J., & Reiter, R. J. (1999). "Pharmacological aspects of N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (melatonin) and 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (pinoline) as antioxidants: Reduction of oxidative damage in brain region homogenates". Journal of Pineal Research, 26(4), 236-246. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-079X.1999.tb00589.x
^ Leino, M. et al. (1984). "Effects of melatonin and 6-MeOTHBC in light induced retinal damage: A computerized morphometric method". Life Sciences, 35, 1997-2001.
^ Rimon, R. et al. (1984). "Pinoline, a beta-carboline derivative in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia". Annals of Clinical Res., 15, 171-175.
^ Airaksinen, M. M., and Kari, I. (1981). J. Pineal Research. 3, 25-32.

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[1] Schiller, Erich (2003). Free Radicals and Inhalation Pathology: Respiratory System, Mononuclear Phagocyte System, Hypoxia and Reoxygenation, Pneumoconioses, and Other Granulomatoses, Cancer (Google Books, page view). Springer. p. 107. ISBN 978-3-540-00201-7. Retrieved 2009-02-14. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[2] A. Newberg, A. Alavi et al., "The measurement of regional cerebral blood flow during the complex cognitive task of meditation: a preliminary SPECT study", in Psychiatry Res. 10 april 2001, 106(2): 113-122

[3] Airaksinen, M. M., Huang, J. T., Ho, B. T., Taylor, D., and Walker, K. (1978) Acta Pharmacol Toxicol. 43, 375-380.

[4] Pahkla, R., Zilmer, M., Kullisaar, T., Rago, L. (1998). "Comparison of the antioxidant activity of melatonin and pinoline in vitro". J. Pineal Research, 24, 96-101.

[5] Pahkla, R., Kask, A., Rago, L. (1999). "Differential effects of beta-carbolines and antidepressants on rat exploratory activity in the elevated zero-maze". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 65(4), 737-742.

[6] Garcia, J. J., et al. (1999). J. of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes, 31(6), 609-615.

[7] Herrera, F., et al. (2001). "Glutamate induces oxidative stress not mediated by glutamate receptors or cystine transporters: protective effect of melatonin and other antioxidants". J. Pineal Research, 31, 356-362.

[8] Milano-Plano, S. et al. (2010). "Melatonin and structurally-related compounds protect synaptosomal membranes from free radical damage". International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 11, 312-328.

[9] Pless, G., Frederiksen, T. J. P., Garcia, J. J., & Reiter, R. J. (1999). "Pharmacological aspects of N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (melatonin) and 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (pinoline) as antioxidants: Reduction of oxidative damage in brain region homogenates". Journal of Pineal Research, 26(4), 236-246. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-079X.1999.tb00589.x

[10] Leino, M. et al. (1984). "Effects of melatonin and 6-MeOTHBC in light induced retinal damage: A computerized morphometric method". Life Sciences, 35, 1997-2001.

[11] Rimon, R. et al. (1984). "Pinoline, a beta-carboline derivative in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia". Annals of Clinical Res., 15, 171-175.

[12] Airaksinen, M. M., and Kari, I. (1981). J. Pineal Research. 3, 25-32.

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