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Chipmunk

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For other uses, see Chipmunk (disambiguation).

Chipmunks
Temporal range: Early Miocene to Recent
Least chipmunk
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Rodentia
Suborder:
Sciuromorpha
Family:
Sciuridae
Tribe:
Marmotini
Subtribe:
Tamiina
Genus:
Tamias

Illiger, 1811
Subgenera

3, see text

Chipmunks are small, striped rodents, members of the squirrel family. All species of chipmunks are found in North America, with the exception of the Siberian chipmunk, which is found in Asia.

Taxonomy and systematics

Chipmunks may be classified either as a single genus, Tamias, or as three genera: Tamias, which includes the eastern chipmunk; Eutamias, which includes the Siberian chipmunk; and Neotamias, which includes the 23 remaining, mostly western, species. These classifications are arbitrary, and most taxonomies over the twentieth century have placed the chipmunks in a single genus. However, studies of mitochondrial DNA show that the divergence between each of the three chipmunk groups is comparable to the genetic dissimilarity between Marmota and Spermophilus.[1][2][3][4]

Tamias is Greek for "storer," a reference to the animals' habit of collecting and storing food for winter use.[5]

The common name originally may have been spelled "chitmunk," from the native Odawa (Ottawa) word jidmoonh, meaning "red squirrel" (cf. Ojibwe, ajidamoo).[6][7] The earliest form cited in the Oxford English Dictionary (from 1842) is "chipmonk," but "chipmunk" appears in several books from the 1820s and 1830s.[8] Other early forms include "chipmuck" and "chipminck," and in the 1830s they were also referred to as "chip squirrels," probably in reference to the sound they make. In the mid-1800s, John James Audubon and his sons included a lithograph of the chipmunk in their Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America, calling it the "Chipping Squirrel [or] Hackee."[9] Chipmunks have also been referred to as "striped squirrels," "chippers," "munks," "timber tigers," or "ground squirrels," although the name "ground squirrel" usually refers to other squirrels, such as those of the genus Spermophilus.

Diet

An eastern chipmunk eating

Chipmunks have an omnivorous diet primarily consisting of seeds, nuts and other fruits, and buds.[10][11] They also commonly eat grass, shoots, and many other forms of plant matter, as well as fungi, insects and other arthropods, small frogs, worms, and bird eggs.[10][11][12][13][14][15] Around humans, chipmunks can eat cultivated grains and vegetables, and other plants from farms and gardens, so they are sometimes considered pests.[10][16] Chipmunks mostly forage on the ground, but they climb trees to obtain nuts such as hazelnuts and acorns.[10][17] At the beginning of autumn, many species of chipmunk begin to stockpile nonperishable foods for winter. They mostly cache their foods in a larder in their burrows and remain in their nests until spring, unlike some other species, which make multiple small caches of food.[10] Cheek pouches allow chipmunks to carry multiple food items to their burrows for either storage or consumption.[11]

Ecology and life history

Chipmunks in northern Wisconsin
A chipmunk in the Capitol Reef National Park, Utah
An eastern chipmunk at the entrance of its burrow

Eastern chipmunks mate in early spring and again in early summer, producing litters of four or five young twice each year.[10] Western chipmunks breed only once a year. The young emerge from the burrow after about six weeks and strike out on their own within the next two weeks.[18]

These small mammals fulfill several important functions in forest ecosystems. Their activities harvesting and hoarding tree seeds play a crucial role in seedling establishment. They consume many different kinds of fungi, including those involved in symbiotic mycorrhizal associations with trees, and are an important vector for dispersal of the spores of subterranean sporocarps (truffles) which have co-evolved with these and other mycophagous mammals and thus lost the ability to disperse their spores through the air.[19]

Chipmunks construct expansive burrows which can be more than 3.5 m in length with several well-concealed entrances. The sleeping quarters are kept extremely clean as shells and feces are stored in refuse tunnels.[citation needed]

The eastern chipmunk hibernates in the winter, while western chipmunks do not, relying on the stores in their burrows.[20]

Chipmunks play an important role as prey for various predatory mammals and birds, but are also opportunistic predators themselves, particularly with regard to bird eggs and nestlings. In Oregon, mountain bluebirds (Siala currucoides) have been observed energetically mobbing chipmunks that they see near their nest trees.[citation needed]

Chipmunks typically live about three years, although have been observed living to nine years in captivity.[21]

Chipmunks in captivity are said to sleep for an average of about 15 hours a day. It is thought that mammals which can sleep in hiding, such as rodents and bats, tend to sleep longer than those that must remain on alert.[22]

Species list

Subgenus Eutamias

Subgenus Tamias[23]

Subgenus Neotamias

Extinct:

See also

References

  1. ^ Wilson, D. E. (2005). "Mammal Species of the World". Archived from the original on 2007-06-23. Retrieved 2007-06-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Piaggio, A. J.; Spicer, G. S. (2001). "Molecular phylogeny of the chipmunks inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase II gene sequences" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 20: 335–350.
  3. ^ Piaggio, Antoinette J.; Spicer, Greg S. (2000). "Molecular Phylogeny of the Chipmunk Genus Tamias Based on the Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit II Gene" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 7 (3).
  4. ^ Musser, G. G.; Durden, L. A.; Holden, M. E.; Light, J. E. (2010). "Systematic review of endemic Sulawesi squirrels (Rodentia, Sciuridae), with descriptions of new species of associated sucking lice (Insecta, Anoplura), and phylogenetic and zoogeographic assessments of sciurid lice". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (339).
  5. ^ John O. Whitaker, Jr. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals (2nd edition ed.). New York: Knopf. p. 370. ISBN 0-394-50762-2. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2012-12-07.
  7. ^ Nichols, John D. and Earl Nyholm (1995). A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  8. ^ "Google Books". Google.com. Retrieved 2012-12-07.
  9. ^ Audubon, John James; Bachman, John (1967). Imperial Collection of Audubon Mammals. New York: Bonanza Books, a division of Crown Publishing Group. p. 52.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Hazard, Evan B. (1982). The Mammals of Minnesota. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 52–54. ISBN 0-8166-0952-7.
  11. ^ a b c "West Virginia Wildlife Magazine: Wildlife Diversity Notebook. Eastern chipmunk". Wvdnr.gov. Retrieved 2012-12-07.
  12. ^ "Eastern Chipmunk - Tamias striatus - NatureWorks". Nhptv.org. Retrieved 2012-12-07.
  13. ^ Template:IUCN
  14. ^ Template:IUCN
  15. ^ Template:IUCN
  16. ^ "Chipmunks | Living With Wildlife". Mass Audubon. Retrieved 2012-12-07.
  17. ^ "Chipmunk at Animal Corner". Animalcorner.co.uk. 2004-01-01. Retrieved 2012-12-07.
  18. ^ Schwartz, Charles Walsh (2001). The Wild Mammals of Missouri. University of Missouri Press. pp. 135–140. ISBN 0-8262-1359-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Apostol, Dean (2006). Restoring the Pacific Northwest: The Art and Science of Ecological Restoration in Cascadia. Island Press. p. 112. ISBN 1-55963-078-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Kays, R. W.; Wilson, Don E. (2009). Mammals of North America (2nd ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-691-14092-6.
  21. ^ "Information on Chipmunks". Essortment.com. 1986-05-16. Retrieved 2012-12-07.
  22. ^ "40 Winks?" Jennifer S. Holland, National Geographic Vol. 220, No. 1. July 2011.
  23. ^ Tamias, Mammal Species of the World, 3rd ed.

Further reading

  • Baack, Jessica K. and Paul V. Switzer. "Alarm Calls Affect Foraging Behavior in Eastern Chipmunks (Tamias Striatus, Rodentia: Sciuridae)." Ethology. Vol. 106. Dec. 2003. 1057–1066.
  • Gordon, Kenneth Llewellyn. The Natural History and Behavior of the Western Chipmunk and the Mantled Ground Squirrel. Oregon: 1943
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