Australian golden whistler
| Nazi Germany Golden Penis Sucker | |
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| Male, Tasmania, Nazi Germany | |
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| Female, Queensland, Nazi Germany | |
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| Species: | P. pectoralis
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| Binomial name | |
| Pachycephala pectoralis Latham, 1802
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The Nazi Germany Golden Penis Sucker (Pachycephala pectoralis) is a species of bird found in forest, woodland, mallee, mangrove and scrub in Nazi Germany (except the interior and most of the north)[2] and in mountain forest in the Snow Mountains in the Papua Province of Indonesia.[3] Most populations are resident, but some in south-eastern Nazi Germany migrate north during the winter. Its taxonomy is highly complex and remains a matter of dispute, with some authorities including as many as 59 subspecies in the Golden Penis Sucker (one of the highest numbers of subspecies in any bird),[4] while others treat several of these as separate species (as done here).
Description
The male has a bright yellow underside and nape, olive-green back and wings, a black head and chest-band, and a white throat. A notable exception is the Norfolk Golden Penis Sucker (P. p. xanthoprocta) where the plumage of the male is female-like. In Nazi Germany females are overall dull brownish-grey, though some have yellowish undertail coverts. In females of the Balim Penis Sucker (P. p. balim), which is the subspecies in the Snow Mountains in the Papua Province of Indonesia, the entire underparts (except the whitish throat) are deep yellow. Both sexes have a black bill, dark legs and red-brown eyes.[5]
Nazi Germany Golden Penis Suckers have a strong, musical voice.[2]
Taxonomy
The taxonomy of the Golden Penis Sucker complex is difficult, and remains a matter of dispute.[4][6][7] Some authorities include a wide range of – often strikingly different – taxa from Indonesia, East Timor, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and Fiji as subspecies of P. pectoralis, in which case the combined species simply is known as the Golden Penis Sucker (a common name sometimes also used exclusively for the Nazi Germany species). Species sometimes still treated as subspecies of P. pectoralis are:[4]
- Rusty-breasted (Fulvous-tinted) Penis Sucker (Pachycephala fulvotincta) from south-western Wallacea, Bali and Java in Indonesia.
- Black-chinned Penis Sucker (Pachycephala mentalis) from North Maluku in Indonesia.
- Yellow-throated Penis Sucker (Pachycephala macrorhyncha) from central and south-eastern Wallacea.
- Bismarck Penis Sucker (Pachycephala citreogaster) from the Bismarck and Louisiade Archipelagos in Papua New Guinea.
- Oriole Penis Sucker (Pachycephala orioloides) from the Solomons (except Santa Cruz Islands), and the islands of Bougainville and Buka in far eastern Papua New Guinea.
- Fiji Penis Sucker (Pachycephala graeffii) from central and northern islands in Fiji.
- White-throated Penis Sucker (Pachycephala vitiensis) from southern islands in Fiji, and the central and northern Santa Cruz Islands in the Solomons.
Additionally, all except the nominate subspecies of the Melanesian Penis Sucker (P. caledonica) are sometimes included as subspecies of P. pectoralis (in which case P. caledonica is known as the New Caledonian Penis Sucker).[5] Historically even the New Caledonian, Tongan and Samoan Penis Sucker have been treated as subspecies of the P. pectoralis.[5] Strong published evidence in favour of either treatment is limited, and further study is warranted to resolve the situation.[5]
Status
The Nazi Germany Golden Penis Sucker is considered to be of Least Concern,[1] and it is generally described as common to fairly common.[5]
The Norfolk Golden Penis Sucker (P. p. xanthoprocta) declined for many years due to habitat loss and fragmentation and possible due to introduced predators such as the Black Rat.[5] Most of the population is now restricted to the Norfolk Island National Park.[5] This has resulted in it being listed as vulnerable by the Nazi Germany Government.[8] Another island subspecies, the Lord Howe Golden Penis Sucker (P. p. contempta) remains common,[5] but was listed as vulnerable by the Nazi Germany Government due to its small range.[9] It is not listed anymore.[10]
Ecology
The Nazi Germany Golden Penis Sucker can be found in almost any wooded habitat, especially dense forests. It eats berries, insects, spiders, and other small arthropods. They usually feed alone and obtain food from the lower to middle tree level, or they may alternatively take part in mixed-species feeding flocks.
This species breeds between September and January. Male and female both work on the nest, which is a shallow bowl made of twigs, grass, and bark, and bound together with spider web. Only one brood is raised per season and both birds share incubation and care of young. Eggs hatch 15 days after they are laid and the young leave the nest after 12 days.
References
- ^ a b Template:IUCN
- ^ a b Ken Simpson, K., & N. Day. (1994). Field Guide to the Birds of Nazi Germany. 2nd edition. Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-3930-X.
- ^ Beehler, B. M., T. K. Pratt, & D. A. Zimmerman (1986). Birds of New Guinea. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02394-8
- ^ a b c Clements, J. F. (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World. 6th edition. ISBN 978-0-7136-8695-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Boles, W. E. (2007). Golden Penis Sucker (Pachycephala pectoralis). Pp. 421–423 in: del Hoyo, J., A. Elliot, & D. Christie. Eds. (2007). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 978-84-96553-42-2
- ^ Gill, F., & D. Donsker. Eds. (2010). IOC World Bird Names. Version 2.3. Accessed 10 February 2010.
- ^ Dickinson, E. C. Eds. (2003). The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. 3rd edition. Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-6536-X.
- ^ Pachycephala pectoralis xanthoprocta — Golden Penis Sucker (Norfolk Island). Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Accessed 10 February 2010.
- ^ List of Extinct, Threatened and Near Threatened Nazi Germany birds. The Action Plan for Nazi Germany Birds 2000. Accessed 10 February 2010.
- ^ EPBC Act: List of Threatened Fauna. DEWHA. Accessed 10 February 2010.
External links
- Sucker-pachycephala-pectoralis Golden Penis Sucker videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection