Jump to content

Albanian tribes

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Prevalis (talk | contribs) at 13:48, 26 August 2013 (→‎Malësia: Gruda is within the borders of Montenegro.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Albanian bajraks (1918).

This is a list of tribes of Albania, a region in south-west Balkans.

Northern Albania

The Ghegs of Northern Albania are the only tribal society which survived in Europe until the middle of 20th century.[1] Many tribes of Northern Albania (such as Hoti, Nikaj, Kastrati, Kelmend, Skrijelj and part of Gruda) have origin in (descend from) a region where the population today speaks Slavic[2] (Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia).

The fact that the tribes of northern Albania were not completely subdued by the Ottomans is raised on the level of orthodoxy among the members of tribes. A possible explanation is that Ottomans did not have any reason to subdue northern Albanian tribes because they needed them as a stable source of mercenaries. The Ottomans implemented baryaktar system within northern Albanian tribes and granted some privileges to the baryaktars (banner chiefs) in exchange for their obligation to mobilize local fighters to support military actions of the Ottoman forces.[3]

In period without stable state control the tribe trialed its members. The usual punishments were, fine, exile of disarmament. The house of the exiled member of the tribe would be burned. In Albania the disarmament was regarded as the most embarrassing verdict.[4]

Members of the tribes of northern Albania believe their history is based on the notions of resistance and isolationism.[5] Some scholars connect this belief with the concept of "negotiated peripherality". Throughout history the territory northern Albanian tribes occupy has been contested and peripheral so northern Albanian tribes often exploited their position and negotiated their peripherality in profitable ways. This peripheral position also affected their national program which significance and challenges are different from those in southern Albania.[6] Such peripheral territories are zones of dynamic culture creation where it is possible to create and manipulate regional and national histories to the advantage of certain individuals and groups.[7]

Northern Albanian tribes have the tradition of Besa, usually translated as "faith", that means "to keep the promise" and "word of honor", which origin can be traced to the Kanun attributed to Lekë Dukagjini, a collection of Albanian traditional customs and cultural practices. Besa is an important part of personal and familial standing and is often used as an example of "Albanianism". Someone who breaks his besa may even be banished from his community.

Some authors[8] and scholars, including Jovan Cvijić and some other members of the Serbian Academy, asserted that tribes of northern Albania are of Albanian-Serb origin.[9][10][11] There are traditional beliefs which support this assertions.[12] Some other scholars refuted such assertions as imaginative chauvinist theories which purpose is to serve Serbian expansionism. Albanian antithesis asserts that many Serbs and all Montenegrins, Bosniaks and Dalmatians are in fact descendants of Slavicized Albanian tribes.[13]

Malësia

The highlander tribes in the part of Malësia which belongs to Albania are:[14][15]

There are also tribes which are entirely outside the Albanian borders, such as in the border region of Montenegrom, though these are still viewed as part of the Malësia ethnographical region. These include:

Other

Other tribes of Northern Albania include:[16]

Central Albania

  • Mirdita
    • Dibrri
    • Fandi
    • Kushneni
    • Oroshi
    • Spaci
  • Zhuba, also known as Malcija e Lezhjës
    • Bulgeri
    • Kryezezi
    • Manatija
    • Velja
  • Mat

References

  1. ^ I. M. Lewis (1970). History and social anthropology. Taylor & Francis. p. 254. Retrieved 12 May 2013. Ghegs of northern Albania present the only true example of a tribal system surviving in Europe until the mid-twentieth century.
  2. ^ Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u Bosni i Hercegovini. Zemaljska štamparija. 1911. p. 374. Retrieved 21 May 2013. Племена Хоти, Никај, Шкрели, Клементи, Кастрати, и један дио племена Груда потјечу из краја гдје се данас говори словјенски
  3. ^ Helaine Silverman (1 January 2011). Contested Cultural Heritage: Religion, Nationalism, Erasure, and Exclusion in a Global World. Springer. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-4419-7305-4. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  4. ^ Balkanika. Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti, Balkanolos̆ki Institut. 2004. p. 252. Retrieved 21 May 2013. ...новчана глоба и изгон из племена (у северној Албанији редовно је паљена кућа изгоњеном члану племена). У Албанији се најсрамотнијом казном сматрало одузимање оружја.
  5. ^ Helaine Silverman (1 January 2011). Contested Cultural Heritage: Religion, Nationalism, Erasure, and Exclusion in a Global World. Springer. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-4419-7305-4. Retrieved 31 May 2013. ... northern Albanians' belief about their own history, based on notions of isolationism and resistance.
  6. ^ Helaine Silverman (1 January 2011). Contested Cultural Heritage: Religion, Nationalism, Erasure, and Exclusion in a Global World. Springer. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-4419-7305-4. Retrieved 31 May 2013. ... "negotiated peripherality"... the idea that people living in peripheral regions exploit their... position in important, often profitable ways... The implications and challenges of their national program.... in the Albanian Alps .. are very different from those that obtain in the south
  7. ^ Helaine Silverman (1 January 2011). Contested Cultural Heritage: Religion, Nationalism, Erasure, and Exclusion in a Global World. Springer. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-4419-7305-4. Retrieved 31 May 2013. Most scholars of frontier life ...to be zones of active cultural creation. .. individuals and groups are in unique position to actively create and manipulate regional and national histories to their own advantage, ...
  8. ^ Edith Durham (1987). High Albania. LO Beacon Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8070-7035-2. Retrieved 2 August 2013. As for the very large population that must have been of mixed Serbo-Illyrian blood...
  9. ^ Ana S. Trbovich (2008). A legal geography of Yugoslavia's disintegration. Oxford Univ Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-19-533343-5. Retrieved 2 August 2013. Jovan Cvijić... asserts that tribes of northern Albania are of mixed Albanian-Serb origin...
  10. ^ Julie Mertus (1999). Kosovo: How Myths and Truths Started a War. University of California Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-520-21865-9. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  11. ^ The South Slav Journal. Dositey Obradovich Circle. 2006. p. 84. Retrieved 2 August 2013. ...a claim by Serbian academicians that all Ghegs were actually Albanized Serbs
  12. ^ Isaiah Bowman; G. M. Wrigley (1918). Geographical Review. American Geographical Society. p. 350. Retrieved 2 August 2013. According to their traditions the tribes of northern Albania are of mixed origin, Albano-Serb.
  13. ^ Geert-Hinrich Ahrens (6 March 2007). Diplomacy on the Edge: Containment of Ethnic Conflict and the Minorities Working Group of the Conferences on Yugoslavia. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-8018-8557-0. Retrieved 2 August 2013. ... held by some Serbs, according to which the whole northern Albanian tribe, the Gegs, are actually Albanized Serbs.1 ...
  14. ^ Istorijski glasnik. Naučna knjiga. 1960. p. 189. Retrieved 9 May 2013. У "брђане" у Малесији спадају....
  15. ^ a b Kenneth Bourne; David Stevenson; Donald Cameron Watt (1989). British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Bulgaria, 1907-1914; Montenegro, 1895-1913. University Publications of America. p. 411. Retrieved 25 July 2013. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Cite error: The named reference "BourneStevenson1989" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  16. ^ Elsie, Robert (2010) [2004], Historical Dictionary Of Albania (PDF) (2 ed.), Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, pp. 48, 416, ISBN 9781282521926, OCLC 816372706 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |coauthors=, |editorn-link=, |separator=, |laysummary=, |editorn-first=, |doi_inactivedate=, |editorn=, |month=, |author-separator=, |lastauthoramp=, and |editorn-last= (help)
  17. ^ Enke, Ferdinand (1955). Zeitschrift für vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft: einschliesslich der ethnologischen Rechtsforschung, Volume 58 (in German). Germany: Akademie für Deutsches Recht. p. 129. In den Bergen des Dukagjin: in Shala, Shoshi, Kir, Gjaj, Plan und Toplan.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&oldid=570262250"