A15 phases
The A15 phases (also known as β-W or Cr3Si structure types) are series of intermetallic compounds with the chemical formula A3B (where A is a transition metal and B can be any element) and a specific structure. Many of these compounds have superconductivity at around 20 K (−424 °F), which is comparatively high, and remain superconductive in magnetic fields of tens of teslas (hundreds of kilogauss). This kind of superconductivity (Type-II superconductivity) is an important area of study as it has several practical applications.
History
The first time the A15 structure was observed in 1931 when an electrolytically deposited layer of tungsten was examined.[1] The discussion if the β–tungsten structure is an allotrope of tungsten or the structure of a tungsten suboxide was long-standing and in 1998 still articles about the discussion were published. In the end it seems most likely that the material is a true allotrope of tungsten.[2]
The first inter-metallic compound with the typical A3B composition was the chromium silicide Cr3Si, discovered in 1933.[3] Several other compounds of the A15 structure were discovered in the following years. No large interest existed in the research on those compounds. This changed with the discovery that vanadium silicide V3Si showed superconductivity at around 17 K in 1953.[4] In the following years several other A3B superconductors were found.[5] Niobium-germanium held the record for the highest temperature of 23.2 K from 1973 until the discovery of the cuprate superconductors in 1986. It took time before the method to produce wires from the very brittle A15 phase materials was established. This method is still complicated. Though some A15 phase materials can withstand higher magnetic field intensity and have higher critical temperatures than the NbZr and NbTi alloys, NbTi is still used for most of the applications due to the easier manufacturing.[6] Nb3Sn is used for some high field applications, for example high-end MRI scanners and NMR spectrometers.
A relaxed form of the Voronoi diagram of the A15 phase seems to have the least surface area among all the possible partitions of three-dimensional Euclidean space in regions of equal volume.[citation needed] This partition, also known as the Weaire-Phelan structure, is often present in clathrate hydrates.
Examples
References
- ^ Hartmann, Hellmuth; Ebert, Fritz; Bretschneider, Otto (1931). "Elektrolysen in Phosphatschmelzen. I. Die elektrolytische Gewinnung von α- und ?β-Wolfram". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 198: 116. doi:10.1002/zaac.19311980111.
- ^ Kiss, A. B. (1998). Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 54 (3): 815. doi:10.1023/A:1010143904328.
{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Boren, B. (1933). "X-Ray Investigation of Alloys of Silicon with Chromium, Manganese, Cobalt and Nickel". Ark. Kern., Min. Geol. 11A (10): 2–10.
- ^ Hardy, George; Hulm, John (1953). "Superconducting Silicides and Germanides". Physical Review. 89 (4): 884. Bibcode:1953PhRv...89Q.884H. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.89.884.
- ^ Izyumov, Yurii A; Kurmaev, Z Z (1974). "Physical properties and electronic structure of superconducting compounds with theβ-tungsten structure". Soviet Physics Uspekhi. 17 (3): 356. Bibcode:1974SvPhU..17..356I. doi:10.1070/PU1974v017n03ABEH004136.
- ^ Sheahen, Thomas P (1994). Introduction to high-temperature superconductivity. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-306-44793-8.
Further reading
- Graef, Marc De; McHenry, Michael E (2007). Structure of materials: an introduction to crystallography, diffraction and symmetry. pp. 518–521. ISBN 978-0-521-65151-6.
- Sauthoff, G (1995). Intermetallics. pp. 95–97. ISBN 978-3-527-29320-9.