User:Rasumohan/Jaffna-Kilinochchi Water Supply and Sanitation Project
| Jaffna-Kilinochchi Water Supply and Sanitation Project | |
|---|---|
| General information | |
| Location | Jaffna & Kilinochchi, Sri Lanka |
| Construction started | February 2011 |
| Completed | October 2016 |
| Cost | USD $ 164.04 million |
The Jaffna-Kilinochchi Water Supply and Sanitation Project (or JKWSSP) (Template:Lang-ta) is an under implementation project initiated by Government of Sri Lanka and funded by Asian Development Bank. This is a large scale project with a cost of LKR 18,328.19 million and benefiting 300,000 [1] people who are in immediate need of drinking water and sanitation facilities.
Jaffna and Kilinochchi Districts are situated in Northern part of Sri Lanka and these areas are experiencing a surge of returnees and economic activities are already thriving. There are 01 Municipal council, 03 urban councils, and 13 Pradesh Sabhas functioning in Jaffna and 04 Pradesh Sabhas functioning in Kilinochchi District. Total populations are 650,720 in Jaffna district and 140,145 in Kilinochchi district. [2]
Background
The need to provide drinking water to Jaffna Peninsula and Kilinochchi District has been considered vital for more than two decades. After disasters, the Government of Sri Lanka as one of many infrastructure development projects, initiated JKWSSP in during 2010. However, the Feasibility Study was started early by 2005 by SMEC Consultants [3].
Location
The Project involves in two Districts of Northern Province, Sri Lanka, namely Jaffna and Kilinochchi. The two districts got affected by the long-term conflict and Tsunami that hit in 2004.
Climate
The climate on the Jaffna Peninsula and the surrounding islands is largely dictated by the northeast monsoon cycle. The rains received during the northeast monsoon accounts for 82% of the total annual rainfall for the area. The average annual rainfall is 1,543 mm [4] according to the rainfall data collected between 2000 and 2005. Peak rainfall is during the months of October to December, with scattered rain during the southwest monsoon (Yala) season in April to May. Inter monsoon rains are uncertain. The average temperature is 28oC with little variability over the year. Evaporation is high during the dry months of March to September and particularly high during May to August due to the monsoonal winds. Total annual evaporation is around 2,250 mm resulting in an annual water deficit.
Present Situation of Water Supply and Sanitation in Jaffna and Kilinochchi
Ground Water Conditions
According to many studies carried out in Jaffna Peninsula, ground water has been subject to many types of pollution and degrading. A study in 1986 [5] the amount of Chloride in selected samples in the Peninsula was increasing considerably. However, in some points it was decreasing as noted in his study. Hardness and Concentration of drinking water is another issue found in this region.
Results of well monitoring and water sample analysis revealed a high concentration of NO3 in groundwater exceeding maximum permissible level of WHO for drinking water in the western part of the Jaffna Municipal Area[6]. Higher values of EC observed in southern and western part of Jaffna Municipal Area.
The study by Water Resources Board of Sri Lanka states that "More than 17 Nos. of physical and chemical parameters of groundwater were analyzed for the selection of long term monitoring locations. Out of 92 water samples analyzed, 79% samples in the dry season and 84% in the wet season exceeded the desirable level for EC prescribed by the WHO standards. Furthermore, 13% of the samples for each period exceeded the permissible level resulting for drinking purposes of the groundwater. No health-based guideline values are proposed for Na by WHO. However, the Cl concentrations and Na concentrations are observed to be in excess of about 200 mg/l, which may be objectionable to consumers because of the taste of the water (WHO, 2004).
About 15% of studied wells exceeded their permissible level for hardness of the groundwater, expressed as mg/l CaCO3 equivalent, in each periods while almost half of the samples have higher hardness values than the desirable level. This is mostly the result of Ca and Mg from dissolved limestone. Further, there is a potential for saline water intrusion in Karaveddi-Chavakachcheri Divisional Secretary Divisions boundary. This is indicated by the present groundwater quality of the study area. Based on the chemical analysis results and identified problems in the different zones of the study area, a monitoring network comprising 38 wells was identified for the long term groundwater monitoring network [7]."
Water Supply
In Jaffna Peninsula, Currently 29 Small scale Water Supply Schemes are being operated by NWSDB and Local authorities. In addition to these the Jaffna Municipality Water Supply Scheme is maintained by Jaffna Municipal Council. Jaffna Peninsula total coverage of pipe borne water supply through stand post is about 3.2% and Less than 0.5 % of households have access to piped water, compared to the country average of more than 37%, due to weak of water resources.
Sanitation
The Jaffna Peninsula has a poor sanitation coverage compared to other Districts of the Island.
Water Resource Management
The Project
Components
Improvement of Iranaimadu Tank
The Iranaimadu Tank is a major Irrigation tank in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. The tank was first built in 1902 with 49 Million m3. In 1951 the tank was raised to store water up to 88 m3. The tank was again augmented in 1954 with a capacity of 101 m3 of water. The tank remains declining in its strength since the last development in 1975 to be able to store 131 m3 for irrigation purpose.
At present, the tank's bund has been weakened due to erosion and leakages. The downstream of the tank is dilapidated due to heavy outflow of water during rainy season. The tank needs renovation to prevent any possible outbreak and flooding. Meanwhile, it is suggested that the renovation should also include raising of the bund by two feet to augment its capacity to 148 m3, with a vision to utilize the additional water of 17 m3 of water for water supply and for additional irrigable lands.
The Improvement of Iranaimadu Tank component covers the needed renovation works to the tank as well as raising the bund by two feet, benefiting water users and farmers. This component is implemented by the Northern Provincial Council through Provincial Irrigation Department with a loan amount of USD $ 12.98 million.
Water Supply
Water Supply Works consist
Sanitation
Jaffna Water Resource Management Committee
Controversies
Farmers
Alternative Plans of Water Supply
See also
References
- ^ http://www.jkwssp.org/
- ^ Statistical Handbook, Jaffna & Kilinochchi
- ^ http://www.smec.com/Default.aspx?aProjId=401
- ^ Dam safety and water resources planning project, Ground Water Monitoring Program
- ^ The Potability of Jaffna Ground Water, Chelliah Elankumaran, University of Jaffna, Jaffna
- ^ GROUNDWATER CONDITIONS IN THE COASTAL REGIONS OF THE DRY ZONE OF SRI LANKA,A.P.G.R.L. Perera C.R. Panabokke
- ^ Assessment of groundwater water quality in Jaffna Peninsula for the establishment of a Long term Groundwater Monitoring Network, I. G. C. I. Kumara, R. R. G. R. Rajapakse