Baradla-Domica Cave System
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The baradla cave (formally Baradla Cave) Hungary researched the oldest, best known for centuries, visited stalactite caves. Cadastral Number: 5430-1. The Aggtelek Karst views on several entrances. Total length of the Slovak Republic was opened, it is a system component, 5.3 km long Domica cave with exceeding 25.5 km. Natural Entrance Aggtelek border of the village, at the foot of the cliff overlooking tall white with distance. The Jósvafő to the village lying, színlőkkel articulated, meandering main branch length of 7 km. The average 10 m wide and 7–8 m high rock tunnel, a huge restaurant widens in some places. The main branch of several shorter or longer side is connected. A significant part of the cave varied colors and shapes providing a unique spectacle stalactites to decorate. The Aggtelek village situated at the border of Acheron – Archer resulting víznyelőből and Domica coming from Styx Streams united today only water flowing through the main branch during floods. Víznyelőkön the dry season through the cave situated at a depth of 30–40 m Lower get caves. The cave is open from natural entrance to ancient times; there the Neolithic people could find shelter.
The first written mention originates from 1549. He graduated from Joseph Sartory – the first survey 1794. 1825 – only 1.8 km length was known. This section depicts Raisz Christian Gömör County by földmérője 1802 – was prepared map, which first appeared in print in the cave map. Vass Imre engineer 1825 – was penetrated in the previous endpoint Iron Gate waters, and revealed the cave about 5 km long main branch. The cave and the surface a description, and an accurate map. His work was published in Hungarian and German in 1831.
In order to facilitate the cave visit, the first to roll out 1806 was carried out. 1890 – artificial exit was established at the Red Lake. 1922 – the end point was the significance of the cave nearly a hundred years of Stage continuation of a new section 500 m have been identified, which 1927–28 in hand, Taro been Jósvafő. The Domica and Baradla Cave relationship 1932 – In the Styx Stream szifonjain penetrating Dr. Hubert Kessler managed to prove.
The Baradla, the Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst remaining caves with UNESCO 1995 He declared in the World Heritage part. The entire cave system and the catchment areas – with the Domicával – 2001 – was placed under the protection of internationally important wetlands fixing Ramsar Convention in scope. The Aggtelek National Park most appealing attractions all year round, closed without waiting for the visitors, who can choose from among several hiking trails.
The environment
Kiszögelésében northeastern Hungary, the Slovak border area along one of the country's most diverse karst os landscapes occupies. Across belonging to Northern Hungary Central Mountain range Aggtelek Karst (Aggteleki Mountains, Lower Hill) of the state border the Slovak Karst tal form a unified geological system, surface morphology and Hydrology. Before the withdrawal of the current boundaries of the two areas included in the literature Gömör-Torna karst. The karst was perfect for Triad period bedrock of (since the end of the third age) lasting about 5 million years of evolution as a result of a characteristic temperate mountain range i karst developed. The most striking characteristics: a large expanse of nearly 60 m in average height plateaus; the open karst reliefs typical erosion of bowl-shaped pits and the dolines; the töbörsor V karst valley and Uvala and the steep, barren mountain slopes formed Karr, karrmezős, which are the people's language Devil's plowing should be called. In some places the clogged töbrökben, gully in small dolinatavak water surface shimmers in karst and non-karst background colors border of blind valleys lined up with the locals ravaszlyukként, hell-hole, known as víznyelőkben disappear periodic streams. The region's spectacular forms of surface lying in the depths of smaller and larger caves, cave systems complement. Among the largest of the Baradla, which is longer than in Slovakia, together with the opening of the Domicával 25.5 km. The two forming a coherent whole cave in the multi-story cave development exemplifies one undeniable proof of Aggtelek and Slovak Karst hydrology of context.
Archaeological Finds
The Baradla and the Aggtelek cliff at the foot of the ancient entrance opening space for some seven thousand years ago our ancestors took possession, and with interruptions, but for shorter or longer periods, shelter, protection and was used as a place of worship. Most of unearthed during the excavations of thousands of artifacts come from the prehistoric period of two big, the middle Neolithic from (the Neolithic-era) and the late Bronze Age from. Of course, after the times of Christ the objects and tools from the 12th century, it came to light. The archaeological material of different ages helps to use the assets of the former cultures, habits of reconstruction.
A large amount of bone Bone Cave restaurant located in the first house called Raisz Christian reported who was conceivable that they might starve to odamenekült and dragged the remains of people killed by the robbers and victims during the Mongol invasion. Raisz beliefs of his contemporaries were discussed, and held the bones of animal origin; That is, even at that time it did not even occur to the thoughts that come from our ancestors lived here in the early days.
When Vass Imre 1825 - was revealed almost the entire section of the cave is the main branch of the entrance to approximately 5 & nbsp; km distance, slope above the Giant-hall-gully saw human footprints in the hall by Ganimédesz Fountain stalactite group soon found a black earthenware jug fraction. Unfortunately, professional evaluation of these findings is no longer possible, since the tracks are gone, those drawings are not made, and the tile is gone.
Adolf Schmidl 1856. no annual visit to the site or the public monarchy is not found in the collections of bones from Baradlából, and they wanted to form an opinion of human or animal origin. After searching for fossils in the cave Paradise branch áttöretett a stalactite-bekérgeződést, but just below the cave bear remains in inventory.
The remains of prehistoric Hungarian tracing the significance of Romer Floris, founder of the national archeology 1875 - he drew the public's attention. Eugene Nyáry ancient archeology were of the opinion that the ancient history of mankind can learn just by lying along the river valleys and caves in search of.
Against this background, the decision Hungarian Historical Society archaeological excavation of the Baradla. Nyáry including Thallóczy Louis, Töttösy Bela and Péchy Eugene Archaeologists using - 1876 - and in 1877, three times dug the cave entrance stage (the atria and the boathouse the corridor leading there and the Bat-branch). During the work with great intensity brought to light a significant amount of artifacts that have been made accurate drawings. The human and animal bones, seeds renowned experts investigated and carried out chemical analysis of ceramic materials as well. The results of the archaeological excavations 1881 - Page 179 was extensive, large-format book published. The 335 drawings of artifacts, maps and cave exploration scene depicting an illustrated work, despite the criticism of posterity professional in between the domestic and cave archeology basic research works. The relatively large area, many completely untrained auxiliary force, work hastily carried out the biggest shortcoming of the stratigraphic observations have not been made, and therefore finds the re-evaluation can not be done.
In the 20th century a number of occasions continued archaeological excavation next to the Nyáry areas examined by the Black Chamber, the Fox-branch, in Paradise, and the Sultan sofa képződménynél soon. 1910 - in Kadić Ottokár, Martin Louis, Siegmeth Charles, 1911 - 12 in Finger Bela, 1926 - was again Kadić, Kretzoi Nicholas and László Bogsch, 1929 - in making the most effective job Ferenc Tompa, 1937 - in Gallus Alexander, and in 1953, Laszlo Vertes, 1959 - - in Patek Elizabeth researched the cave 1940 - in Mary Mottl, 1946. In recent years, the National Museum archaeologists Kato Gábor Rezi leadership prepared the Baradla topography and archaeological excavations have been carried out successfully at the entrance to the Fox-branch.
The Baradla the Bükk culture One major deposit, but the cave earlier, the Plains Linear Pottery was younger during the period known, and if not constantly, but regularly visited the people living here until the middle Neolithic, the end of Bükk culture. While the first 'crawlers' ceramics not substantially different from the legacy of former inhabitants of the Great Plains, while the later vessels of the only occupant in North-East Hungary and the Slovak Karst known example of Bükk culture. The well-known, almost decorated with arts and crafts quality, richly incised patterns, sometimes only 1-2 & nbsp; mm thick pottery exportáruként Lesser Poland the Lower Danube, Croatia Transylvania reached. The six or seven thousand years ago people lived without this thin-skinned, plump, shapely objects puck by hand, line decorations csontfésűvel scratched the notches are colored white, yellow or red paint dust. Some intact and under countless fragments of stone vessels and animal bones made more user devices, as well as the remains of a cult place also came to light.
There are signs stalactite-bekérgeződések, used for lighting torches smoke trace of the stalagmite layers indicate that the cave all the way to Late Bronze Age to - Early Iron Age to not accessed. Then (500-1000 years BC), the mainly live in mountainous areas also Kyjatice culture peoples 'discovered' 'the Baradla' again. This is evidenced by the following: the boathouse excavated 13 graves (drawn under the dead bellies knees, face down, tarkójukra large flat stone placed was buried next to them növénymagvakat scattered), the installation of a bronze Late Bronze Age warrior more pieces of a sziklahasadékban concealed in 28 different sizes , wires made of gold treasures, as well as a significant amount, ribbed, raised knobs, bolts decorated with ornaments, graphite powder polished pottery fragments.
Unfortunately, today they have been largely destroyed traces of the pile, which proved that the man defending against the damp, cold air rudimentary huts, beds are built into the cave. It is difficult to judge whether a fair number of postholes found, and forges traces of the era to which of these two belong to, be linked to or maybe both. Just as difficult to answer as well to the idea that was protected as a place of residence, as a place of worship, or just used as a burial place to the cave. Can not be excluded based on the results of archaeological research in domestic and some foreign experience to maneuver under the surface of the Neolithic period were used for the purpose of obtaining water and winter quarters, from the late Bronze Age burial and perhaps rather served as a place of worship.
It is also an open question how far our ancestors penetrated the inner sections of the cave. Patek Elizabeth Aggtelek entrance about 2 & nbsp; km away from Sultan pamlagánál Iron Age pots and cereal seeds, and 12-13. and 17-19. vessel fragments collected from the century. Gold artifacts were found in the street called side branches (charred pieces of wood) and near the Matyórojt a cseppkőmedencéből (child's skeleton), but their exact age has not been determined. Until recently, pottery fragments hidden under the rubble Giants also serves, in addition to amikről medieval origin, archaeologists have also found that probably were not finding their place in a natural way.
But not only the cave depths conceal the traces of our ancestors, because during rescue excavations carried out construction projects before the Aggtelek entrance 1969 - in Korek Joseph, 1996 - In the Rezi Kato Gábor leadership the National Museum archaeologists large amount of artifacts Neolithic i and late Bronze Age graves, piling holes, house foundation, floor level, stove and oven were found. It was found that the area still undisturbed prehistoric layers.