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Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory

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Since the acceptance of the Big Bang theory as the dominant physical cosmological paradigm, there have been a variety of reactions by religious groups as to its implications for their respective religious cosmologies. Some accept the scientific evidence at face value, some seek to harmonize the Big Bang with their religious tenets, and some completely reject or ignore the evidence for the Big Bang theory.[1]

Background

The Big Bang itself is a scientific theory, and as such stands or falls by its agreement with observations.[2] But as a theory which addresses the nature of the universe since its earliest discernible existence, the Big Bang carries possible theological implications regarding the concept of creation out of nothing.[3][4][5] Many atheist philosophers argued against the idea of the Universe having a beginning by believing in the idea that the of Universe having simply always existed for all eternity, but with the emerging evidence of the Big Bang theory, many theologians and physicists have viewed it as implicating theism;[6][7] a popular philosophical argument for the existence of God known as the Kalām cosmological argument rests in the concepts of the Big Bang.[8][9] In the 1920s and 1930s almost every major cosmologist preferred an eternal steady state Universe, and several complained that the beginning of time implied by the Big Bang imported religious concepts into physics; this objection was later repeated by supporters of the steady state theory,[10] who rejected the implication that the universe had a beginning.[11][12]

Hinduism

The view from the Hindu Puranas is that of an eternal universe cosmology, in which time has no absolute beginning, but rather is infinite and cyclic, rather than a universe which originated from a Big Bang.[13][14] However, the Encyclopædia of Hinduism, referencing Katha Upanishad 2:20, states that the Big Bang theory reminds humanity that everything came from the Brahman which is "subtler than the atom, greater than the greatest."[15] It consists of several "Big Bangs" and "Big Crunches" following each other in a cyclical manner.[16][17][18]

The Nasadiya Sukta, the Hymn of Creation in the Rig Veda (10:129) mentions the world beginning from a point or bindu, through the power of heat.[19][20] This can be seen as corresponding to the Big Bang theory.

Several prominent modern scientists have remarked that Hinduism is the only religion (or civilization) in all of recorded history, that has timescales and theories in astronomy (cosmology), that appear to correspond to those of modern scientific cosmology, e.g. Carl Sagan,[21] Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, Werner Heisenberg,[22][23][24] Robert Oppenheimer,[25] Eugene Wigner,[26] George Sudarshan,[27] Fritjof Capra[28] etc.

Christianity

Further information: Bible and science and Catholic Church and science

Pope Pius XII declared, at the November 22, 1951, opening meeting of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, that the Big Bang theory does not conflict with the Catholic concept of creation.[29][30] Some Conservative Protestant Christian denominations have also welcomed the Big Bang theory as supporting a historical interpretation of the doctrine of creation;[31] however, some adherents of Young Earth Creationism, who advocate a very literal interpretation of the Book of Genesis, reject the theory.

Islam

Further information: Islam and science

Some scholars believe that the Islamic views on the Big Bang theory are mentioned in total three verses across quran, the universe as a smoke in 11th verse of Surah Fussilat, the explosion of Big Bang in 30th verse of Sura Al-Anbiya and a continuous expansion of universe in 47th verse of Surah Adh-Dhariyat in the Quran:[32][33][34]

"Then He directed Himself to the heaven while it was smoke and said to it and to the earth, "Come [into being], willingly or by compulsion." They said, "We have come willingly".[35][Quran 41:11]

"Have not those who disbelieve known that the heavens and the earth were joined together as one united piece, then We parted them? And We have made from water every living thing. Will they not then believe??" [36][Quran 21:30]

"And the heaven [universe] We constructed with strength, and indeed, We are [its] expander." [37][Quran 51:47]

Bahá’í Faith

Further information: Bahá'í Faith and science

Bahá’u’lláh, the founder of the Bahá’í Faith, has taught that the universe has "neither beginning nor ending".[38] In the Tablet of Wisdom ("Lawh-i-Hikmat", written 1873–1874). Bahá'u'lláh states: “That which hath been in existence had existed before, but not in the form thou seest today. The world of existence came into being through the heat generated from the interaction between the active force and that which is its recipient. These two are the same, yet they are different.” The terminology used here refers to ancient Greek and Islamic philosophy[39] (see for example Stoic physics). In another text, Bahá’u’lláh states that the meaning of the "active force" (fa’il) is "the lord of the species" (arbáb al-anwá’), "and it hath other meanings".[40]

Robin Mihrshahi, Dale E. Lehman and Julio Savi suggest a possible relation of this statement with the Big Bang theory.[41][42][43]

References

  1. ^ Wright, E.L (24 May 2009). "Cosmology and Religion". Ned Wright's Cosmology Tutorial. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
  2. ^ Kragh, Helge (1996). Cosmology and Controversy. Princeton University Press. p. [page needed]. ISBN 0-691-00546-X.
  3. ^ George F R Ellis (2007-08-08). "Issues in the philosophy of cosmology". Philosophy of Physics: 1183–1285. doi:10.1016/B978-044451560-5/50014-2. ISBN 9780444515605.
  4. ^ Alexander, Vilenkin (1982-11-04). "Creation of universes from nothing". Physics Letters B. 117 (1–2): 25–28. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(82)90866-8. ISSN 0370-2693. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  5. ^ Manson, N.A. (1993). God and Design: The Teleological Argument and Modern Science. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-26344-3. The Big Bang theory strikes many people as having theological implications, as shown by those who do not welcome those implications.
  6. ^ Harris, J.F. (2002). Analytic Philosophy of Religion. Springer Press. ISBN 978-1-4020-0530-5. Both theists and physicists have seen the big bang theory as leaving open such an opportunity for a theistic explanation.
  7. ^ Eric J. Lerner (2010-12-15). The Big Bang Never Happened: A Startling Refutation of the Dominant Theory of the Origin of the Universe. Vintage Books. ISBN 9780307773548. Retrieved 2012-03-16. From theologians to physicists to novelists, it is widely believed that the Big Bang theory supports Christian concepts of a creator. In February 1989, for example, the front-page article of the New York Times Book Review argued that scientists argued that scientists and novelists were returning to God, in large part through the influence of the Big Bang.
  8. ^ James Franklin Harris (2002). Analytic Philosophy of Religion. Springer Science. ISBN 9781402005305. THE KALAM COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT Perhaps the best known and most clearly formulated version of the cosmological argument that incorporates the fundamental concepts of big bang theory is found in the work of William Lane Craig.
  9. ^ McGrath, A.E. (2011). Science and Religion. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-5808-7. It will be clear that this type of argument relates directly to modern cosmological research, particularly the "big bang" theory of the origins of the cosmos. This is also true of the kalam version of the cosmological argument, to which we now turn.
  10. ^ Kragh, H. (1996). Cosmology and Controversy. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02623-8.
  11. ^ Harrison, P. (2010). The Cambridge Companion to Science and Religion. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-521-71251-4. One reason for initial resistance to the Big Bang theory was that, unlike the rival Steady-State hypothesis, it proposed that the universe has a beginning – a proposition that for some had unwelcome religious implications.
  12. ^ Kragh, H. (2008). Entropic Creation. Ashgate Publishing. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-7546-6414-7. Andrei Zhdanov, Stalin's notorious chief ideologue, said in a speech of 1947 that Lemaître and his kindred spirits were 'Falsifiers of science [who] wanted to revive the fairy tale of the origin of the world from nothing ... Another failure of the 'theory' in question consists in the fact that it brings us to the idealistic attitute of assuming the world to be finite.'
  13. ^ Sushil Mittal; G. R. Thursby (2004). The Hindu World. Psychology Press. In the Vedic cosmogonies, the question of what caused the primordial desire does not arise; like the Big Bang of modern cosmology, the primal impulse is beyond all time and causation, so it makes no sense to ask what preceded it or what caused it. However, in the Hindu cosmology which we find in the Puranas and other non-Vedic Sanskrit texts, time has no absolute beginning; it is infinite and cyclic and so is kama.
  14. ^ John R. Hinnells (2010). The Routledge companion to the study of religion. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0415473284. There are also other cosmological models of the universe besides the Big bang model, including eternal universe theories – views more in keeping with Hindu cosmologies than with traditional theistic concepts of the cosmos.
  15. ^ Sunil Sehgal (1999). Encyclopædia of Hinduism: T–Z, Volume 5. Sarup & Sons. ISBN 8176250643. The theory is known as the 'Big Bang theory' and it reminds us of the Hindu idea that everything came from the Brahman which is "subtler than the atom, greater than the greatest" (Kathopanishad-2-20).
  16. ^ Moring, G. (1999). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding Einstein. DK Publishing. p. 341. ISBN 9780786542659. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
  17. ^ "Hinduism: Where Science and Spirituality Intersect | Gadadhara Pandit Dasa". huffingtonpost.com. 2011-09-20. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
  18. ^ "Are Eastern Religions More Science-Friendly? | Philip Goldberg". huffingtonpost.com. 2010-07-05. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
  19. ^ Kenneth, Kramer (1986). World scriptures: an introduction to comparative religions. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8091-2781-8Template:Inconsistent citations{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  20. ^ Swami Ranganathananda (1991). Human Being in Depth: A Scientific Approach to Religion. SUNY Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-7914-0679-2.
  21. ^ "Quote by Carl Sagan: "The Hindu religion is the only one of the world..."". goodreads.com. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
  22. ^ Hammer, O. (2003). Claiming Knowledge: Strategies of Epistemology from Theosophy to the New Age. Brill. p. 283. ISBN 9789004136380. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
  23. ^ Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. p. 60. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
  24. ^ Diem-Lane, A. Spooky Physics. MSAC Philosophy Group. p. 42. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
  25. ^ Thorpe, C. (2008). Oppenheimer: The Tragic Intellect. University of Chicago Press. p. 54. ISBN 9780226798486. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
  26. ^ Murphy, B.D. (2012). The Grand Illusion: A Synthesis of Science and Spirituality—Book One. Balboa Press AU. ISBN 9781452508023. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
  27. ^ Narayanan, Anand (2013-01-24). "'All I know is how to do physics' - The Hindu". Chennai, India: thehindu.com. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
  28. ^ http://www.fritjofcapra.net/shiva.html
  29. ^ Ferris, T. (1988). Coming of age in the Milky Way. Morrow. pp. 274, 438. ISBN 978-0-688-05889-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help), citing Berger, A. (1984). The Big bang and Georges Lemaître: proceedings of a symposium in honour of G. Lemaître fifty years after his initiation of big-bang cosmology, Louvainla-Neuve, Belgium, 10–13 October 1983. D. Reidel. p. 387. ISBN 978-90-277-1848-8.
  30. ^ Pope Pius XII (1951-11-02). "Ai soci della Pontificia Accademia delle Scienze, 22 novembre 1951 – Pio XII, Discorsi" (in Italian). Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
  31. ^ Russell, R.J. (2008). Cosmology: From Alpha to Omega. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-6273-8. Conservative Protestant circles have also welcomed Big Bang cosmology as supporting a historical interpretation of the doctrine of creation.
  32. ^ "The Quran on the Expanding Universe and the Big Bang Theory - The Religion of Islam publisher=islamreligion.com". Retrieved 2015-08-20. {{cite web}}: Missing pipe in: |title= (help)
  33. ^ "Science Islam - The Quran on the Origins of the Universe". scienceislam.com. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
  34. ^ Asad, Muhammad (1984). The Message of the Qu'rán. Gibraltar, Spain: Dar al-Andalus Limited. ISBN 1904510000. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  35. ^ "Surat Fussilat [41:11] - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم". legacy.quran.com. Retrieved 2016-02-06.
  36. ^ Translated by Muhsin Khan, 21:30, http://quran.com/21/30
  37. ^ "Surat Adh-Dhariyat [51:47] - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم". legacy.quran.com. Retrieved 2016-02-06.
  38. ^ Esslemont, J.E. (1980). Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era (5th ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-87743-160-4.
  39. ^ Taherzadeh, A. (1987). The Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh, Volume 4: Mazra'ih & Bahji 1877-92. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. p. 42. ISBN 0-85398-270-8.
  40. ^ Áthár-i-Qalam A’lá, vol. 7, p. 113, quoted in: Kazemi, Farshid (2013). "Celestial Fire: Bahá'u'lláh as the Messianic Theophany of the Divine Fire in Zoroastrianism". Irfan Colloquia. Vol. 14. Wilmette, IL: Irfan Colloquia. pp. 45–123. ISBN 978-3942426183. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ Mihrshahi, Robin (2002). "Ether, Quantum Physics and the Bahá'í Writings". Australian Bahá'í Studies Journal. 4: 3–20.
  42. ^ Lehman, Dale E. (2005). Cosmology and the Bahá'í Writings.
  43. ^ Julio, Savi (1989). The Eternal Quest for God: An Introduction to the Divine Philosophy of `Abdu'l-Bahá (PDF). Oxford, UK: George Ronald. p. 134. ISBN 0-85398-295-3.

Further reading

  • Leeming, David Adams, and Margaret Adams Leeming, A Dictionary of Creation Myths. Oxford University Press (1995), ISBN 0-19-510275-4.
  • Pius XII (1952), "Modern Science and the Existence of God," The Catholic Mind 49:182–192.
  • Ahmad, Mirza Tahir, Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth Islam International Publications Ltd (1987), ISBN 1-85372-640-0. The Quran and Cosmology
  • Wickman, Leslie, "God of the Big Bang: How Modern Science Affirms the Creator," Worthy Publishing (2015), ISBN 978-1617954252.
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