User:Anthony Flippen/sandbox
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
Incubation period for HFMD is typically 3 to 6 days.[1]
Signs and Symptoms
HFMD more often then not, begins by presenting with a fever, malaise, reduced appetite, and a sore throat. [2] Within 24 to 48 hours, sores are likely to appear in the back of the mouth, tongue, and cheeks that are small and red in appearance and may blister and become ulcers.[1] [2]This time period may also present the signature skin rashes around the mouth, hands, feet, elbows, knees, buttocks or genital region.[2] Some individuals, especially the younger children, may become dehydrated due to the mouth sores making it difficult and painful to swallow enough liquids. These signs and symptoms are not always present and in some rare cases, primarily with adults, no signs and symptoms ever present.[2]
Causes
The coxsackievirus viruses that cause the disease are of the Picornaviridae family. The most common strain that causes HMFD is the A16 strain, but other coxsackievirus strains may be implicated. Outbreaks of HMFD are common in late summer and early autumn seasons. HMFD is the most contagious during the first week and can remain in the body without signs or symptoms for several weeks.[3] Child care settings are the most common places for HMFD to be contracted because of the bathroom training, diaper changes, and that children often put their hands into their mouths. Not all who have HMFD show signs and symptoms, adults in particular can pass the virus with out knowing. [3]
Transmission
Oral ingestion is the main cause of transmission, with nasal secretion/throat discharge, saliva, fluid from blisters, stool, and respiratory droplets coming from a cough or sneeze all being possible methods of transmission.[4]
Prevention
Preventative measures include disinfecting high traffic areas and surfaces around children on a strict schedule with soap and water, then a diluted chlorine bleach and water solution as well as washing hand frequently, teaching proper hygiene, and isolating any people who may be contagious.[1]
Complications
Epidemiology
The most recent locations of large increases in prevalence include: China, Japan, Hong Kong (China), the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan, and Vietnam.[5]
History
HFMD cases were first described in New Zealand and Canada in 1957.[5]
- ^ a b c https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353035
- ^ a b c d https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/signs-symptoms.html
- ^ a b "Hand-foot-and-mouth disease - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
- ^ https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353035
- ^ a b "WPRO | Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease Information Sheet". www.wpro.who.int. Retrieved 2017-11-08.