Vedanga Jyotisha
The Vedāṅga Jyotiṣa, or Jyotiṣavedāṅga (Devanagari: वेदाङ्ग ज्योतिष), is one of earliest known Indian texts on astronomy and astrology (Jyotisha).[1] The present form of the text is dated to the 1400 BCE.[2][3][4]
The text is foundational to Jyotisha, one of the six Vedanga disciplines.[5] It was composed by Lagadha.[6][7][8][9][10][11][4]
Textual history
The dating of the Vedanga Jyotisha is relevant for the dating of the Vedic texts.[12][13] The Vedanga Jyotisha describes the winter solstice for the period of ca. 1400 BCE. This description has been used to date the Vedanga Jyotisha.[12] According to Michael Witzel, the question is "whether the description as given in the jyotiSa is also the date of the text in which it is transmitted.It is written in two recensions-Rigveda recensions and Yajurveda recensions.Rigveda recensions and Yajurveda recensions have same verses except for eight additional verses in the Yajurveda's one."[12] T. K. S. Sastry and R. Kochhar suppose that the Vedanga Jyotisha was written in the period that it describes, and therefore propose an early date, between 1370 and 1150 BCE.[12] David Pingree dates the described solstice as about 1180 BCE, but notes that the relevance of this computation to the date of the Vedanga Jyotisha "is not evident."[14] The estimation of 1400-1200 BCE has been followed by others.[15][16] [16]
Other authors propose a later composition. Santanu Chakraverti writes that it has been composed after 700 BCE.[4] [12] According to Chakraverti, its description of the winter solstice is correct for ca. 1400 BCE, but not for the time of its composition after 700 BCE.[4] This may be due to the incorporation of late Harappan astronomical knowledge into the Vedic fold,[4] an idea which is also proposed by Subbarayappa.[17] Michael Witzel notes:
[O][12]
Editions
- Yajus recension, Rk variants and commentary of Somākara Śeṣanāga, edited: Albrecht Weber, Über den Vedakalender Namens Jyotisham, Berlin 1862
- Yajus recension, non-Yajus verses of Rk recension, edited: G. Thibaut, "Contributions to the Explanation of the Jyotisha-Vedánga", Journal of the Asiatic Society Bengal Vol 46 (1877), p. 411-437
- Hindi translation: Girja Shankar Shashtri, Jyotisha Karmkanda and Adhyatma Shodh Sansthan, 455 Vasuki Khurd, Daraganj, Allahabad-6.
- Sanskrit Commentary with Hindi Translation: Vedā̄ṅgajyotiṣam: Yajurvedināṃ paramparayāgatam vistr̥tasaṃskr̥tabhūmikayā. On Vedic astrology and astronomy; critical edited text with Hindi and Sanskrit commentaries. With appendies including Vedic calendar as described by Lagadha for his time. By Lagadha, Ācārya-Śivarāja Kauṇḍinnyāyana,Pramodavardhana Kaundinnyayana, Sammodavardhana Kauṇḍinnyāyana, Somākara[18]
References
- ^ N. P. Subramania Iyer (1991). Kalaprakasika. Asian Educational Services. p. 3.
- ^ Subbarayappa, B. V. (14 September 1989). "Indian astronomy: An historical perspective". In Biswas, S. K.; Mallik, D. C. V.; Vishveshwara, C. V. (eds.). Cosmic Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–40. ISBN 978-0-521-34354-1.
- ^ Michael Witzel, "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts"
- ^ a b c d e Chakraverti 2007, p. 33.
- ^ Hart Defouw. Light on Life: An Introduction to the Astrology of India. Penguin.
- ^ Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya, History of Science and Technology in Ancient India, Firma K.L Mukhopadhyaya (1986), pp. 486-494
- ^ Satya Prakash, Founders of Sciences in Ancient India (part II), Vijay Kumar (1989), p.471
- ^ B.S. Yadav & Man Mohan, Ancient Indian Leaps into Mathematics, Birkhäuser (2011), p.78
- ^ M. I. Mikhailov & N. S. Mikhailov, Key to the Vedas, Minsk-Vilnius (2005), p.105
- ^ Sures Chandra Banerji, A Companion to Sanskrit Literature, Motilal Banarsidass (1989), p. 59
- ^ Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Kluwer Academic Publishers (1997), p.977
- ^ a b c d e f Witzel 2001.
- ^ "Contribution Of Hindu Scriptures To Archaeoastronomy".
- ^ Pingree, David (1973), "The Mesopotamian Origin of Early Indian Mathematical Astronomy", Journal for the History of Astronomy, 4, Bibcode:1973JHA.....4....1P
- ^ Klostermaier 2010, p. 977.
- ^ a b Subbarayappa 1989, p. 29. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSubbarayappa1989 (help)
- ^ Subbarayappa 1989, p. 47-48. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSubbarayappa1989 (help)
- ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=SDmSGwAACAAJ
Sources
- Chakraverti, Santanu (2007), Science in History. In: Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta (ed.), "Science, Technology, Imperialism, and War", Pearson Education India
- Klostermaier, Klaus (2010), A Survey of Hinduism (Third ed.), SUNY
- Subbarayappa, B.V. (1989), Indian astronomy: a historical perspective. In: Biswas, Mallik, Vishveshwara (eds.), "Cosmic Perspectives", Cambridge University, ISBN 978-0-521-34354-1
- Witzel, Michael (25 May 2001), Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts, vol. 7, ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF VEDIC STUDIES (EJVS)