Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin
| Humbodlt's white-fronted capuchin | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
| Family: | Cebidae |
| Genus: | Cebus |
| Species: | C. albifrons
|
| Binomial name | |
| Cebus albifrons | |
Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin (Cebus albifrons) is a species of gracile capuchin monkey. Cebus albifrons was formerly considered to include several types of white-fronted capuchin monkey which are now regarded as separate species based on genetic studies by Boubli et al.[3]
Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela.[4][5] It prefers primary forest but is also found in various types of secondary forest.[4] It tends to prefer moister and less disturbed forest than other capuchin species.[4]
Humboldt's white-fronted capuchins have a head and body length of about 37.5 cm (14.8 in).[4][5] Tail length for males is about 42.5 cm (16.7 in) and it is between 41 and 46 cm (16 and 18 in) for females.[4] Males weigh about 2.40 kg (5.3 lb) and females weigh about 2.23 kg (4.9 lb).[5] They have grayish brown fur on the back with darker limbs and yellowish brown hands and feet.[4] The front is cream colored.[4] Their face is pink and they have a dark brown wedge-shaped cap which is clearly separated from the lighter forehead.[4][5]
Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin has a varied diet, including fruits, insects, insect larvae, other invertebrates, reptiles such as lizards, birds, bird eggs, small mammals, flowers, honey, leaves, nuts, palms, stems, seeds and tree frogs.[5] Individuals in Jaú National Park in Brazil have been observed eating Podocnemis turtle eggs by raiding nests on the Igapó when the Igapó is not flooded.[5] It has been known to rub or bang food items against hard surfaces.[5] It sometimes associates with squirrel monkeys, tufted capuchins and brown woolly monkeys.[5] Predators include the black-and-white hawk-eagle, the ornate hawk-eagle, the tayra and the harpy eagle.[4]
Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin has a maximum lifespan of about 44 years.[4][5] It lives in multi-male groups and males form dominance hierarchies.[5] Males participate in caring for and protecting infants.[4][5] Infants are born at any time of year after a gestation period of between 162 and 180 days.[4][5]
Thomas Defler studied Humboldt's white-fronted capuchins in El Tuparro.[4][6][7] Adult males are notably tolerant of each other in the group, but they are very aggressive towards males of other groups. Defler observed intergroup aggressive behavior, which resulted in one group fleeing towards the central parts of their territory.[4][7] Alpha males seem to exercise a "control position" at the center of the group, since all members are extremely conscious and alert to his location, and they all observe his reactions.[7] If the alpha reacts with intense fear or panic or if he pays close attention to something, all members of the troop react similarly.[7] The presence of adult males seems to lend psychological support to the smaller adult females.[7] Defler noticed that more timid females often became quite aggressive towards him when a male appeared on the scene, although the females often needed to press up against the flank of the male for reassurance.[7]
References
- ^ "Cebus albifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T39951A81236767. 2015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015.RLTS.T39951A81236767.en. Retrieved 2019-01-21.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ Humboldt, A.; Bonpland, A. (1812). Recueil d'observations de zoologie et d'anatomie comparee. Paris: Smith & Gide. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
- ^ Boubli, Jean P.; et al. (2012). "Cebus Phylogenetic Relationships: A Preliminary Reassessment of the Diversity of the Untufted Capuchin Monkeys" (PDF). American Journal of Primatology: 1–13. doi:10.1002/ajp.21998. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Mittermeier, Russell A. & Rylands, Anthony B. (2013). Mittermeier, Russell A.; Rylands, Anthony B. & Wilson, Don E. (ed.). Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Volume 3, Primates. Lynx. pp. 408–409. ISBN 978-8496553897.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Phillips, Kimberley A. & Jack, Katherine M. (2016). Rowe, Noel & Myers, Marc (ed.). All the World's Primates. Pogonias Press. p. 282. ISBN 9781940496061.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Defler, T. R. (1979). "On the ecology and behavior of Cebus albifrons in eastern Colombia: I. Ecology". Primates. 20 (4): 475–490. doi:10.1007/BF02373430.
- ^ a b c d e f Defler, T. R. (1979). "On the ecology and behavior of Cebus albifrons in eastern Colombia: II. Behavior". Primates. 20 (4): 491–502. doi:10.1007/BF02373431.