Jump to content

Snuff tray

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Theroadislong (talk | contribs) at 20:09, 30 March 2020 (tidy up). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Snuff Trays are hand carved wooden tablets/trays that are made for the purpose of inhaling hallucinogenic drugs (snuff) off them using a tube. Not all snuff trays are made of wood though as some are made of stone or bone, though there are very few examples of these materials being used.[1] Snuff trays are rectangular or trapezoidal in shape, depending on what style they are and have a shallow cavity running through them. [2] Their shape relates to the region as well as the culture that they originate from. Most snuff trays have been associated with the Tiwanaku (Tiahuanaco) or the Wari (Huari) culture. They are usually a foot to two feet long and some include an intricate hand carved design on one end as well as on the sides. Yet, many trays have been found lacking these carvings and motifs. Snuff trays with carvings are the most elaborate, beautiful and interesting because they represent iconographic motifs that are found in Tiwanaku art and buildings.[3]

Style

This is an example of a San Pedro de Atacama snuff tray that is identified as a San Pedro example of the two groups (Circumpueño and San Pedro). This is because of the anthropomorphic human figure on top of the tray. It can also be identified as a San Pedro tray because it does not have zoomorphic or animal within the carving.
This is an example of a San Pedro de Atacama snuff tray that is identified as a Circumpueño style tray of the two groups (Circumpueño and San Pedro). This is because of the zoomorphic or animal figures flanking the top of the tray.

Scientists have tried to categorize these trays based on carvings, geographical significance, time periods and stylistic features.[4] Yet, many trays do not fully represent one style or the other because they are "blank" or lacking significant stylistic features to differentiate them from one style or the other. [5] Snuff trays lacking significant stylistic features make up about 90% of the snuff tray collection to date. [6] Due to this there are mainly two styles of snuff trays. One being the Tiwanaku (Tiahuanaco) style which scientists refer to as as the Southern Andean Iconographic style or SAIS. [7] The Tiwanaku (SAIS) style is characterized by a trapezoidal shape, incurving sides and sharp top corners.[8] There are very few snuff trays that represent the Tiwanaku (SAIS) style which makes up about 10% of the collection. [9] While the other 90% are from the Wari (Huari) culture which scientists refer to as the San Pedro de Atacama style or SPA.[10] Due to the abundance of non-Tiwanaku style snuff trays some scientists have tried to better categorize Wari (SPA) trays by creating sub-categories. They have separated the collection from the San Pedro de Atacama (SPA) region into two groups. The first group is referred to as the Circumpueño style. [11] The Circumpueño style trays have been identified through anthropomorphic (human) and zoomorphic (animal) figures performing ceremonial acts or rituals. [12] These trays have been dated back to the Late Intermediate period[13] (100A.D.-1450).[14] The second style of snuff tray is referred to by scientists as the San Pedro style. [15] This style of tray is identified through carved human figures that are not decorated. [16] Scientists have dated San Pedro style trays to the Late Formative period (3500-2000 B.C.)[17], the Middle Horizon (A.D. 700-1000)[18] and the Late Intermediate periods (A.D. 1000-1200)[19].[20] Though these categorize have helped scientists condense the 90% of trays lacking significant stylistic features to 50%, scientists are still lacking distinctive evidence to categorize the remaining trays.[21]

Sites of discovery

This is an example of a Tiwanaku monolith statue holding a snuff tray. The snuff tray is being held in the statues left hand and can be identified because of its sharp top corners and intricate design.

Archeologists originally came across snuff trays while excavating underground tombs and mummy sites in the San Pedro de Atacama region as well as the Southern Andean region of the central Andes.[22] Snuff trays were found buried with the elites of ancient societies in their tombs along with other valuable items that lower socioeconomic peoples would not have had access to.[23] Along with snuff trays these mummies have been found with inhaling tubes, spatulas, mortars and pestles, and snuff powder containers. [24]In addition, snuff trays have been found in statues or monolith depictions of mythical ancestral elites, different deities and ancestral rulers at Tiwanaku sites. [25] The statues or monoliths are usually found holding a snuff tray in one of their hands.[26] This evidence points to snuff trays as having a huge significance in the society and culture of these Tiwanaku sites because of their existence. Due to this evidence, scientists and archeologists have concluded that snuff trays were a very significant part of society, culture and the socioeconomic class structure of higher up elite individuals.[27]

Usage

Snuff trays were used to inhale hallucinogenic drugs, mainly being ayahuasca. Ayahuasca is a very powerful psychedelic South American drug.[28] Ayahuasca is traditionally made into a brew, made out of the Banisteriopsis Caapi vine along with the Psychotria Virdis shrub as well as other DMT containing plants.[29] Besides brew or tea, ayahuasca/DMT can also be smoked or snuffed. The snuff is created by grinding and breaking down the plants. When smoking or snuffing the drug, it immediately enters the blood stream and enters the brain which causes the user to have an intense immediate experience or "trip".[30] When drinking ayahuasca brew, the user typically vomits as the drug is absorbed by their stomach slowly over a longer period of time.[31] One can reason that choosing to snort ayahuasca/DMT over taking it orally was because of the faster effect and lack of abdominal pain. Though snuffing takes out the abdominal pain, snuff users feel another pain in their nose/nostrils. Users of ayahuasca/DMT took the drug for several reasons. One being that it cured sickness, lessened pain as well as lowered hunger.[32] It was also used in times of war to heighten soldiers senses.[33] Though these are reasons to take the drug, scientists and archeologists agree that ayahuasca was mainly used for rituals and ceremonies to have a more engaging, spiritual and intense experience.[34]

References

  1. ^ Niemeyer, Hermann, et al. “New Insights Into the Tiwanaku Style of Snuff Trays From San Pedro De Atacama, Northern Chile.” Latin American Antiquity, vol. 26, no. 1, Mar. 2015, pp. 120–137., doi:10.7183/1045-6635.26.1.120.
  2. ^ Niemeyer, Hermann, et al. “New Insights Into the Tiwanaku Style of Snuff Trays From San Pedro De Atacama, Northern Chile.” Latin American Antiquity, vol. 26, no. 1, Mar. 2015, pp. 120–137., doi:10.7183/1045-6635.26.1.120.
  3. ^ Niemeyer, Hermann, et al. “New Insights Into the Tiwanaku Style of Snuff Trays From San Pedro De Atacama, Northern Chile.” Latin American Antiquity, vol. 26, no. 1, Mar. 2015, pp. 120–137., doi:10.7183/1045-6635.26.1.120.
  4. ^ Niemeyer, Hermann, et al. “New Insights Into the Tiwanaku Style of Snuff Trays From San Pedro De Atacama, Northern Chile.” Latin American Antiquity, vol. 26, no. 1, Mar. 2015, pp. 120–137., doi:10.7183/1045-6635.26.1.120.
  5. ^ Niemeyer, Hermann, et al. “New Insights Into the Tiwanaku Style of Snuff Trays From San Pedro De Atacama, Northern Chile.” Latin American Antiquity, vol. 26, no. 1, Mar. 2015, pp. 120–137., doi:10.7183/1045-6635.26.1.120.
  6. ^ Niemeyer, Hermann, et al. “New Insights Into the Tiwanaku Style of Snuff Trays From San Pedro De Atacama, Northern Chile.” Latin American Antiquity, vol. 26, no. 1, Mar. 2015, pp. 120–137., doi:10.7183/1045-6635.26.1.120.
  7. ^ Niemeyer, Hermann, et al. “New Insights Into the Tiwanaku Style of Snuff Trays From San Pedro De Atacama, Northern Chile.” Latin American Antiquity, vol. 26, no. 1, Mar. 2015, pp. 120–137., doi:10.7183/1045-6635.26.1.120.
  8. ^ Niemeyer, Hermann, et al. “New Insights Into the Tiwanaku Style of Snuff Trays From San Pedro De Atacama, Northern Chile.” Latin American Antiquity, vol. 26, no. 1, Mar. 2015, pp. 120–137., doi:10.7183/1045-6635.26.1.120.
  9. ^ Niemeyer, Hermann, et al. “New Insights Into the Tiwanaku Style of Snuff Trays From San Pedro De Atacama, Northern Chile.” Latin American Antiquity, vol. 26, no. 1, Mar. 2015, pp. 120–137., doi:10.7183/1045-6635.26.1.120.
  10. ^ Niemeyer, Hermann, et al. “New Insights Into the Tiwanaku Style of Snuff Trays From San Pedro De Atacama, Northern Chile.” Latin American Antiquity, vol. 26, no. 1, Mar. 2015, pp. 120–137., doi:10.7183/1045-6635.26.1.120.
  11. ^ Niemeyer, Hermann, et al. “New Insights Into the Tiwanaku Style of Snuff Trays From San Pedro De Atacama, Northern Chile.” Latin American Antiquity, vol. 26, no. 1, Mar. 2015, pp. 120–137., doi:10.7183/1045-6635.26.1.120.
  12. ^ Niemeyer, Hermann, et al. “New Insights Into the Tiwanaku Style of Snuff Trays From San Pedro De Atacama, Northern Chile.” Latin American Antiquity, vol. 26, no. 1, Mar. 2015, pp. 120–137., doi:10.7183/1045-6635.26.1.120.
  13. ^ Niemeyer, Hermann, et al. “New Insights Into the Tiwanaku Style of Snuff Trays From San Pedro De Atacama, Northern Chile.” Latin American Antiquity, vol. 26, no. 1, Mar. 2015, pp. 120–137., doi:10.7183/1045-6635.26.1.120.
  14. ^ Hoopes, John. “Introduction (Spring 2020).” HIST: 572 Ancient American Civilizations: The Central Andes [powerpoint]. 2020.
  15. ^ Niemeyer, Hermann, et al. “New Insights Into the Tiwanaku Style of Snuff Trays From San Pedro De Atacama, Northern Chile.” Latin American Antiquity, vol. 26, no. 1, Mar. 2015, pp. 120–137., doi:10.7183/1045-6635.26.1.120.
  16. ^ Niemeyer, Hermann, et al. “New Insights Into the Tiwanaku Style of Snuff Trays From San Pedro De Atacama, Northern Chile.” Latin American Antiquity, vol. 26, no. 1, Mar. 2015, pp. 120–137., doi:10.7183/1045-6635.26.1.120.
  17. ^ Hoopes, John. “Introduction (Spring 2020).” HIST: 572 Ancient American Civilizations: The Central Andes [powerpoint]. 2020.
  18. ^ Hoopes, John. “Introduction (Spring 2020).” HIST: 572 Ancient American Civilizations: The Central Andes [powerpoint]. 2020.
  19. ^ Hoopes, John. “Introduction (Spring 2020).” HIST: 572 Ancient American Civilizations: The Central Andes [powerpoint]. 2020.
  20. ^ Niemeyer, Hermann, et al. “New Insights Into the Tiwanaku Style of Snuff Trays From San Pedro De Atacama, Northern Chile.” Latin American Antiquity, vol. 26, no. 1, Mar. 2015, pp. 120–137., doi:10.7183/1045-6635.26.1.120.
  21. ^ Niemeyer, Hermann, et al. “New Insights Into the Tiwanaku Style of Snuff Trays From San Pedro De Atacama, Northern Chile.” Latin American Antiquity, vol. 26, no. 1, Mar. 2015, pp. 120–137., doi:10.7183/1045-6635.26.1.120.
  22. ^ "Gold." The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin vol. 31, no.2 (winter 1972-73).
  23. ^ Janusek, John Wayne. Ancient Tiwanaku. Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  24. ^ "Gold." The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin vol. 31, no.2 (winter 1972-73).
  25. ^ Janusek, John Wayne. Ancient Tiwanaku. Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  26. ^ Janusek, John Wayne. Ancient Tiwanaku. Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  27. ^ Janusek, John Wayne. Ancient Tiwanaku. Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  28. ^ “Ayahuasca.” Erowid Ayahuasca Vault, The Vaults of Erowid, 1996, www.erowid.org/chemicals/ayahuasca/ayahuasca.shtml.
  29. ^ “Ayahuasca.” Erowid Ayahuasca Vault, The Vaults of Erowid, 1996, www.erowid.org/chemicals/ayahuasca/ayahuasca.shtml.
  30. ^ Smith, Patrick. “Ayahuasca vs. DMT.” The Third Wave, The Third Wave, 30 Jan. 2017, thethirdwave.co/ayahuasca-vs-dmt/.
  31. ^ Smith, Patrick. “Ayahuasca vs. DMT.” The Third Wave, The Third Wave, 30 Jan. 2017, thethirdwave.co/ayahuasca-vs-dmt/.
  32. ^ Gearin, Alex K. “Ayahuasca Drinking Might Not Be as Ancient as You Think.” Kahpi, Kahpi, 5 Mar. 2020, kahpi.net/is-ayahuasca-an-ancient-tradition/.
  33. ^ Gearin, Alex K. “Ayahuasca Drinking Might Not Be as Ancient as You Think.” Kahpi, Kahpi, 5 Mar. 2020, kahpi.net/is-ayahuasca-an-ancient-tradition/.
  34. ^ Gearin, Alex K. “Ayahuasca Drinking Might Not Be as Ancient as You Think.” Kahpi, Kahpi, 5 Mar. 2020, kahpi.net/is-ayahuasca-an-ancient-tradition/.


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snuff_tray&oldid=948218781"