Abd al-Hosayn Ayati
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Abd al Ḥosayn Ayati (1871—1953) was a Persian cleric, poet, historian, journalist, and teacher. In a book authored a few years after his death, he was enumerated as one of the notable contemporary poets of Iran.[1]
Up until the age of 30 he was a Shia cleric who then converted to the Baha'i faith.[2] He left the Baha'i faith 18 years later and wrote a number of polemical works describing his experience and why he reverted back to Shia Islam. ٌWhile a Baháʼí he was a contemporary of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, who gave him the titles of "Raʾīs-al-moballeḡīn" (Chief of Missionaries) and "Avarih" (Wanderer).[3]
In 1920s, Shoghi Effendi sent Avarih to England to teach the Baháʼí Faith. Former member of the Universal House of Justice, Luṭfu'lláh Ḥakím, served as his translator during this visit.[4]
After reverting to Islam he openly opposed the Baháʼí Faith and was considered a Covenant-breaker. He returned to Tehran and spent the rest of his life as a secondary school teacher.During this period he wrote Kashf al-Hial, a three volume work refuting the Baháʼí Faith.[3] He was labelled by Shoghi Effendi as a "shameless apostate".[5]
The numerous references made to Avarih in John Esslemont's book Baháʼu'lláh and the New Era were removed in subsequent editions published after Avarih's apostasy from the Baháʼí Faith.[6]
Works
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- َAtashkadeh Yazdan (God's Fireplace): A book on the history of the city of Yazd in Iran.[7]
- Farhang-i Ayati (Ayati's Dictionary): A Persian-Arabic dictionary.[8]
- Al-Kawākeb al-dorrīya fī maʾāṯer al-bahāʾīya (Shining Stars of Baha'i Remnants): a work on history of Baháʼí Faith.[9]
- Kašf al-ḥīal (Uncovering the Deceptions): his work in three volumes after leaving the Baháʼí Faith where he explains why he left the Baha'i faith and explains the wrongs that he witnessed.[9] Vol. 1, Vol. 2, vol. 3.
- Siyahat nam-i doctor jack amricaiee (The travel diary of Dr Jack the American): Real life accounts narrated as a story about the life of a foreigner investigating the Baha'i claims during his travels that Ayati refers to using the pseudonym Jack the American.[10]
- Moballighe Baha'i dar mahzar-e ayatollah shaykh mohammad khalesi zadeh (A Baha'i Missionary in the Presence of Shaykh Muhammad Khalesi Zadeh): The report of Iranian Army personnel from Yazd that were proselytized by a Baha'i missionary and decided to consult Ayatollah Khalesizadeh about the Missionaries claims.[11]
- Namakdan (Saltshaker): A literature magazine published from 1925-1935 in four issues.[2]
References
- ^ Khalkhali, Sayyed Abd al-hamid (1958). تذکره شعرای معاصر ایران (PDF). Vol. 2. Tehran (Iran): Rangin. pp. 1–6.
- ^ a b Narges, Dehghanian (2009). "نمکدان دفتر ادبیات شعر و نغز دوره اول پهلوی" (PDF). Payame Baharestan. 1388:3: 473–478 – via http://ensani.ir.
{{cite journal}}: External link in|via= - ^ a b Afshar, Iraj (2011). Encyclopaedia Iranica: ĀYATĪ, ʿABD-AL-ḤOSAYN. p. 133.
- ^ "Star of the West/Volume 14/Issue 1/Text - Bahaiworks, a library of works about the Bahá'í Faith". bahai.works. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
- ^ Maxwell, Ruhiyyih (Mary Khanum) (1969). The Priceless Pearl. London: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. p. 120.
- ^ Salisbury, Vance (1997). "A Critical Examination of 20th-Century Baha'i Literature". Baháʼí Library Online. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
- ^ Ayati, Abd al-Husayn (1938). آتشکده یزدان. Yazd (Iran).
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Ayati, Abd al-Husayn (1935). فرهنگ آیتی. Tehran (Iran): Matba Danesh.
- ^ a b Afshar 2011. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAfshar2011 (help)
- ^ Ayati, Abd al-Husayn (1927). سیاحت نامه دکتر ژاک آمریکایی (PDF). Tehran: Khavar.
- ^ Ayati, Abd al-Husayn (1987). مبلغ بهایی در محضر آیت الله خالصی زاده (PDF). Iran (Yazd): Golbahar.
- Afshar, Iraj (August 18, 2011). "ĀYATĪ, ʿABD-AL-ḤOSAYN". Encyclopædia Iranica.