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DNA molecules that pass information from generation to generation. The processes that change DNA in a population include natural selection, genetic drift...

introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection although Lamarckism was also...

worked in multiple areas. Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars...

respond to stimuli, reproduce and, through natural selection, adapt to their environment in successive generations. More complex living organisms can...

contexts such as mate selection by females, which subjects the advertising males' signals to selective pressure. Signals thus evolve because they modify...

document and describe the complex relationships amongst cultural objects and multi-faceted works of art, as well as between objects and places, people, and...

learning about one object (e.g. Rex bit me) to new instances of that category (dogs may bite). Many animals readily classify objects by perceived differences...

processes, natural catalysts, such as protein enzymes, perform chemical transformations on organic compounds. biochemistry The branch of biology that studies...

Kauffman and other structuralists have suggested that self-organization may play roles alongside natural selection in three areas of evolutionary biology, namely...

algorithm (GA) is a search algorithm and heuristic technique that mimics the process of natural selection, using methods such as mutation and crossover to generate...

the theory of evolution by natural selection in 1858, which explained how different plants and animals originated and evolved. Their theory was set out...

evolution and the way particular species have evolved. Fossils have been visible and common throughout most of natural history, and so documented human interaction...

Protestantism that ushered in a transformation of material circumstances. In contrast to both, Durkheim argued that societies moved from simple to complex through...

contamination by microorganisms, known as directed panspermia. The theory argues that life did not originate on Earth, but instead evolved somewhere else...

study were first formulated by Francis Galton in 1883, directly drawing on the recent work delineating natural selection by his half-cousin Charles Darwin...

meaning ...engaging in transformational and not merely informational interactions: they enact a world." These authors suggest that the increasing emphasis...

kinematic self-reproducing automaton. By 1952, he was treating the problem more abstractly. He designed an elaborate 2D cellular automaton that would automatically...

with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera. Ants evolved from vespoid wasp ancestors in the Cretaceous period. More than 13,800...

object. For many complex objects, such as those that make extensive use of references, this process is not straightforward. Serialization of object-oriented...

still a long way from integrating abstract knowledge, such as information about what objects are, what they are for, and how they are typically used. The...