Aksai Chin: Difference between revisions

* [[Leh district|Leh District]], [[Ladakh]] [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]

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(a) {{citation|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |accessdate=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories.";<br/> (b) {{citation|last1=Pletcher|first1=Kenneth|title=Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin |accessdate=16 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state."; <br/> (c) {{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947"; <br/> (d) {{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China." <br/>(e) {{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|year=2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19694-8|pages=28–29}} Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir."; <br/> (f) {{citation|last=Skutsch|first=Carl|editor-last=Ciment|editor-first=James|title=Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II|edition=2nd|year=2015|orig-year=2007|isbn=978-0-7656-8005-1|chapter=China: Border War with India, 1962|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|page=573|quote=The situation between the two nations was complicated by the 1957–1959 uprising by Tibetans against Chinese rule. Refugees poured across the Indian border, and the Indian public was outraged. Any compromise with China on the border issue became impossible. Similarly, China was offended that India had given political asylum to the Dalai Lama when he fled across the border in March 1959. In late 1959, there were shots fired between border patrols operating along both the ill-defined McMahon Line and in the Aksai Chin.}}<br/> (g) {{citation|last=Clary|first=Christopher|year=2022|title=The Difficult Politics of Peace: Rivalry in Modern South Asia|publisher=Oxford University Press|location = Oxford and New York|isbn=9780197638408|page=109|quote=Territorial Dispute: The situation along the Sino-Indian frontier continued to worsen. In late July (1959), an Indian reconnaissance patrol was blocked, "apprehended," and eventually expelled after three weeks in custody at the hands of a larger Chinese force near Khurnak Fort in Aksai Chin. ... Circumstances worsened further in October 1959, when a major class at Kongka Pass in eastern Ladakh led to nine dead and ten captured Indian border personnel, making it by far the most serious Sino-Indian class since India's independence.}} <br/> (h) {{citation|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC&pg=PA294|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02855-5|pages=294, 291, 293}} Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million.), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control." <br/> (i) {{citation|last=Fisher|first=Michael H.|title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|year=2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11162-2|page=166}} Quote: "Kashmir’s identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised “Line of Control” still separating Pakistani-held Azad (“Free”) Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir."; <br/> (j) {{citation|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5amKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-84904-621-3|page=10}} Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'."

==Name==

Some sources have interpreted ''Aksai'' to have the [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]] meaning "white stone desert", including several British colonial,<ref name="british_india_1862">{{cite book |author=Government of Punjab |title=Report on the Trade and Resources of the Countries on the North-western Boundary of British India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PR21 |year=1862 |publisher=Government Press |location=Lahore |pages=xxii. c |quote=the "Aksai Chin," or as the term implies the great Chinese white desert or plain.}}</ref><ref name="asiatic_society">{{cite book |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA50 |year=1868 |publisher=Bishop's College Press |page=50 |quote=the Akzai Chin or White Desert}}</ref> modern Western,<ref name="Kaminsky">{{cite book |last1=Kaminsky |first1=Arnold P. |last2=Long |first2=Roger D. |title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic &#91;2 volumes&#93;: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVxlfDHGTFYC&pg=PA23 |date=23 September 2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-37463-0 |page=23 |quote=Aksai Chin (as Uyghur name meaning "desert of white stones") |access-date=11 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405051052/https://books.google.com/books?id=VVxlfDHGTFYC&pg=PA23 |archive-date=5 April 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="naval_war_college">{{cite book |title=Naval War College Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jFpCNsIhNQQC&pg=PP106 |year=1966 |publisher=Naval War College |page=98 |quote=During these same months, the route across the portion of Ladakh known as Aksai Chin (white stone desert) is highly traversable.}}</ref><ref name="HedinAmbolt1967">{{cite book |author1=Sven Anders Hedin |author2=Nils Peter Ambolt |title=Central Asia Atlas, Memoir on Maps: Index of geographical names, by D.M. Farquhar, G. Jarring and E. Norin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wiHxAAAAMAAJ |year=1967 |publisher=Sven Hedin Foundation, Statens etnografiska museum |page=12 |quote=Aksai Chin, region between the K'unlun main range and the Loqzung Mountains: T. eq say 'white gravelly plain' + cin '(of) China' (Cin, earliest designation by which China was known in Central Asia).}}</ref><ref name="Lintner2018">{{cite book |author=Bertil Lintner |title=China's India War: Collision Course on the Roof of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-L9DDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85 |date=25 January 2018 |publisher=OUP India |isbn=978-0-19-909163-8 |pages=85 |quote=The name Aksai Chin means 'the desert of white stones'}}</ref> Chinese,<ref name="cihai">{{cite book |editor1=夏征农 |editor2=陈至立 |script-title=zh:辞海：第六版彩图本 |trans-title=[[Cihai]] (Sixth Edition in Color) |date=September 2009 |location=上海. [[Shanghai]] |publisher=上海辞书出版社. [[Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House]]. |isbn=9787532628599 |language=zh |page=0008 |quote={{lang|zh-hans|'''阿克赛钦''' 地名区。维吾尔语意即"中国的白石滩"。在新疆维吾尔自治区和田县南部、喀喇昆仑山和昆仑山间。}}}}</ref><ref name="gongbao">{{cite journal |journal={{lang|zh-hans|[[:zh:中华人民共和国国务院公报|中华人民共和国国务院公报]]}} (Bulletin of the State Council of PRC) |url=http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1962/gwyb196212.pdf |script-title=zh:国务院总理周恩来就中印边界問題致亚非国家領导人的信 |language=zh |date=15 November 1962 |access-date=30 December 2019 |author=[[Zhou Enlai]] (Chou En-Lai) |quote={{lang|zh-hans|在西段,印度政府提出爭議的传统习惯綫以东和以北的地区,历来是屬于中国的。这个地区主要包括中国新疆所屬的阿克賽欽地区和西藏阿里地区的一部分,面积共为三万三千平方公里,相当于一个比利时或三个黎巴嫩。这个地区虽然人烟稀少,却历来是联結新疆和西藏阿里的交通命脉。新疆的柯尔克孜族和維吾尔族的牧民經常在这一带放牧。阿克賽欽这个地名就是維吾尔語“中国的白石滩”的意思。这块地方一直到現在是在中国的管轄之下。}} |page=228 |via={{lang|zh-hans|[[:zh:中华人民共和国中央人民政府门户网站|中华人民共和国中央人民政府门户网站]]}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613165705/http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1962/gwyb196212.pdf |archive-date=13 June 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Indian sources.<ref name="Kler1995">{{cite book |author=Gurdip Singh Kler |title=Unsung Battles of 1962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hciHTVUILb4C&pg=PA156 |year=1995 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1-897829-09-7 |page=156 |quote=Aksai Chin - the name, means the desert of white stones.}}</ref><ref name="Bhasin2006">{{cite book |author=Sanjeev Kumar Bhasin |title=Amazing Land Ladakh: Places, People, and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8IZloNzI8BgC&pg=PA61 |year=2006 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-186-3 |page=61 |quote=The Aksai Chin (desert of white stones)}}</ref> Some modern sources interpret it to mean "white brook" instead.<ref name="Butalia2015">{{cite book |author=Bob Butalia |title=In the Shadow of Destiny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CKrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT271 |date=30 September 2015 |publisher=Partridge Publishing India |isbn=978-1-4828-5791-7 |page=271 |quote='Aksai Chin' in translation means 'White Brook Pass'.}}</ref><ref name="Kochhar2018">{{cite book |author=Geeta Kochhar |title=China's Foreign Relations and Security Dimensions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xZSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT40 |date=19 March 2018 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-01748-3 |pages=40– |quote=The etymology of Aksai Chin is uncertain. Although 'Aksai' is a Turk term for 'white brooks', it is widely believed that the word 'chin' has nothing to do with China.}}</ref> At least one source interprets ''Aksai'' to mean "eastern" in the [[Uyghur dialects|Yarkandi Uyghur dialect]].<ref name="Kapadia2002">{{cite book |author=Harish Kapadia |title=High Himalaya Unknown Valleys |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KNhJXSjSk70C&pg=PA309 |date=March 2002 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-117-7 |page=309 |quote=Aksai Chin, (Aksai: eastern, Chin: China) ... Most of the names were found to be distinctly Yarkandi.}}</ref>

Amin's Aksai Chin was not a defined region, stretching indefinitely east into Tibet south of the [[Kunlun Mountains]].<ref>{{harvp|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992|p=79}}:

</ref><ref>

{{citation |last=Brescius |first=Moritz von |title=German Science in the Age of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lqHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA197 |year=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-42732-6 |pages=197–199 (including Map 5.2: 'Rough Sketch of Caravan Routes through the Pamir Steppes and Yarkund, from Information Collected from Mahomed Ameen Yarkundi, Late Guide to Messrs. De Schlagintweit')}}

==History==

| first =James Barnard

| date =April 1984

| title =The China-India Border War

| publisher =Marine Corps Command and Staff College

}}</ref>

=== The Macartney–Macdonald Line ===