Andries Bicker: Difference between revisions

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One of Andries Bicker's granddaughters, Catharina Bicker (1642–1678) - daughter of Alida Bicker - was married to a refugee, former Danish steward, councilor and chamberlain, imperial Count Palatine [[Jacob de Petersen]].<ref>[http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/elias/#page=551&accessor=search_in_text&source=1&accessor_href=http%3A%2F%2Fresources.huygens.knaw.nl%2Fretroboeken%2Felias%2Fsearch_in_text%2Findex_html%3Fpage%3D464%26source%3D1%26id%3Dsearch_in_text Johan Engelbert Elias, De Vroedschap van Amsterdam, 1578-1795, Deel 1, p 362]</ref>
One of Andries Bicker's granddaughters, Catharina Bicker (1642–1678) - daughter of Alida Bicker - was married to a refugee, former Danish steward, councilor and chamberlain, imperial Count Palatine [[Jacob de Petersen]].<ref>[http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/elias/#page=551&accessor=search_in_text&source=1&accessor_href=http%3A%2F%2Fresources.huygens.knaw.nl%2Fretroboeken%2Felias%2Fsearch_in_text%2Findex_html%3Fpage%3D464%26source%3D1%26id%3Dsearch_in_text Johan Engelbert Elias, De Vroedschap van Amsterdam, 1578-1795, Deel 1, p 362]</ref>

⚫
==== Coat of arms ====
⚫
[[File:Coat of arms Andries Bicker, Lord of Engelenburg.jpg|thumb|100px|left|Coat of arms Andries Bicker as lord of Engelenburg]]
⚫
The coat of arms of Andries Bickers was [[Quartering (heraldry)|quartered]]:
⚫
* 1 and 4 in gold, a red crossbar (van den Anxter); 2 and 3 in silver, three transverse black helmets placed one above the other (Helmer). Helmt.: a protruding bearded male figure in natural color, dressed in a red tabard with wide sleeves and provided with gold braids and braids, covered with a high pointed cap with a turned-back brim, and holding up a golden torch in each of the given hands, the bottom rests on the helmet. Andries, as owner of the lordship of Engelenburg, has increased this with a blue heart shield, charged with a silver castle, from which emerges a rising silver angel with outspread wings.<ref name="dbnl" />

⚫
==== Genealogical and political Legacy ====
⚫
Andries and his brother Cornelis Bicker, together with their cousins [[Cornelis de Graeff|Cornelis]] and [[Andries de Graeff]], saw themselves as the political heirs of the old regent family [[Boelens Loen|Boelens]], whose main lineage, which had remained catholic, had died out in the male line in 1647. They had received the very significant first names ''Andries'' and ''Cornelis'' from their Boelens ancestors. As in a real dynasty, members of the two families frequently intermarried in the 17th century in order to keep their political and commercial capital together. Its great historical ancestor was [[Andries Boelens]] (1455-1519), the city's most influential medieval mayor. Both families, Bicker and [[De Graeff]], descend in the female line from Boelens. He was allowed to hold the highest office in Amsterdam fifteen times.<ref>[https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_zev001199001_01/_zev001199001_01_0018.php#401 DBNL, Amsterdamse burgemeesters zonder stamboom. De dichter Vondel en de schilder Colijns vervalsen geschiedenis, by S.A.C. Dudok van Heel, p 147 (1990)]</ref>


=== Political career ===
=== Political career ===
Line 84: Line 92:


=== Outlook ===
=== Outlook ===
⚫
After the death of Andries Bicker and the other Bicker brothers, the family's influence ended. None of Andries descendants achieved a seat in the Amsterdam Vroedschap. Henceforth, it was the equally republican-minded brothers Cornelis and [[Andries de Graeff]], and their following, who dominated Amsterdam and the [[States of Holland and West Friesland|States of Holland]].<ref>Israel, J. (1995) The Dutch Republic, Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477-1806, p. 704.</ref> His niece [[Wendela Bicker]] married the powerful [[Grand Pensionary|raadspensionaris]] [[Johan de Witt]],<ref>Panhuysen, L. (2005) De Ware Vrijheid, De levens van Johan en Cornelis de Witt. pp. 181–183.</ref> who dominated the Dutch politic of the later Golden Age until the [[Rampjaar]] 1672.


== Historiography ==
⚫
[[File:Coat of arms Andries Bicker, Lord of Engelenburg.jpg|thumb|100px|left|Coat of arms Andries Bicker as lord of Engelenburg]]
The dutch historian and archivist [[Bas Dudok van Heel van Heel]] about the inppact of the Bicker [in particularly the brothers Andries and Cornelis Bicker] and the linked [[De Graeff]] family [in particularly the brothers Cornelis and Andries de Graeff] and their missed (high) noble rank: ''In [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany|Florence]] families like Bicker and De Graeff would have been uncrowned princes. Here, in 1815, they should at least have been raised to the rank of count, but the southern Dutch nobility would not have put up with that. What you got here remained nothing half and nothing whole.''<ref>Geert Mak, Die vielen Leben des Jan Six: Geschichte einer Amsterdamer Dynastie: [https://books.google.com/books?id=qxI4DAAAQBAJ&dq=die+vielen+leben+des+jan+six+de+graeff+bicker+grafenstand&pg=PT262 Geert Mak, ''Die vielen Leben des Jan Six: Geschichte einer Amsterdamer Dynastie'']</ref>

After the death of Andries Bicker and the other Bicker brothers, the family's influence ended. None of Andries descendants achieved a seat in the Amsterdam vroedschap.

⚫
Henceforth, it was the equally republican-minded brothers Cornelis and [[Andries de Graeff]], and their following, who dominated Amsterdam and the [[States of Holland and West Friesland|States of Holland]].<ref>Israel, J. (1995) The Dutch Republic, Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477-1806, p. 704.</ref> His niece [[Wendela Bicker]] married the powerful [[Grand Pensionary|raadspensionaris]] [[Johan de Witt]],<ref>Panhuysen, L. (2005) De Ware Vrijheid, De levens van Johan en Cornelis de Witt. pp. 181–183.</ref> who dominated the Dutch politic of the later Golden Age until the [[Rampjaar]] 1672.

⚫
==== Coat of arms ====

⚫
The coat of arms of Andries Bickers was [[Quartering (heraldry)|quartered]]:
⚫
* 1 and 4 in gold, a red crossbar (van den Anxter); 2 and 3 in silver, three transverse black helmets placed one above the other (Helmer). Helmt.: a protruding bearded male figure in natural color, dressed in a red tabard with wide sleeves and provided with gold braids and braids, covered with a high pointed cap with a turned-back brim, and holding up a golden torch in each of the given hands, the bottom rests on the helmet. Andries, as owner of the lordship of Engelenburg, has increased this with a blue heart shield, charged with a silver castle, from which emerges a rising silver angel with outspread wings.<ref name="dbnl" />

⚫
==== Genealogical and political Legacy ====

⚫
Andries and his brother Cornelis Bicker, together with their cousins [[Cornelis de Graeff|Cornelis]] and [[Andries de Graeff]], saw themselves as the political heirs of the old regent family [[Boelens Loen|Boelens]], whose main lineage, which had remained catholic, had died out in the male line in 1647. They had received the very significant first names ''Andries'' and ''Cornelis'' from their Boelens ancestors. As in a real dynasty, members of the two families frequently intermarried in the 17th century in order to keep their political and commercial capital together. Its great historical ancestor was [[Andries Boelens]] (1455-1519), the city's most influential medieval mayor. Both families, Bicker and [[De Graeff]], descend in the female line from Boelens. He was allowed to hold the highest office in Amsterdam fifteen times.<ref>[https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_zev001199001_01/_zev001199001_01_0018.php#401 DBNL, Amsterdamse burgemeesters zonder stamboom. De dichter Vondel en de schilder Colijns vervalsen geschiedenis, by S.A.C. Dudok van Heel, p 147 (1990)]</ref>


==Notes and references==
==Notes and references==

Revision as of 23:10, 16 March 2024

Andries Bicker
Regent and Mayor of Amsterdam
In office
1627–1649
Preceded byJacob Dircksz de Graeff
Succeeded byCornelis de Graeff
Personal details
NationalityDutch
Political partyStates Faction
SpouseCatharina Gansneb von Tengnagel
RelationsJacob Bicker (brother)
Jan Bicker (brother)
Cornelis Bicker (brother)
Dieuwertje Bicker (older sister)
Residence(s)Oudezijds Achterburgwal, Kloveniersburgwal, 's-Graveland,
OccupationRegent / Mayor and Landlord of Sloten, Sloterdijk, Osdorp and Engelenburg near Herwijnen
ProfessionMerchant

Andries Bicker (14 September 1586 – 24 June 1652) was a prominent burgomaster (mayor of Amsterdam), politician and diplomat in the Dutch Republic. He was a member of the Bicker family, who, together with the related De Graeff family, also local regents, governed the city of Amsterdam and with it the province of Holland for about half a century. At that time, the Republic was at the height of its power.[1]

During thirty years he was a member of the city council and the leader of the Bickerse faction, after Reynier Pauw's political end in 1620.[1] Then the management of the Amsterdam city council fell into the hands of the Arminians around Bicker and his uncle Jacob Dircksz de Graeff.[2] This also gave new impetus to the republican States Party, which had been weakened since the assassination of Land's Advocate Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, and was able to determine Amsterdam politics for a long period of time (til 1672).[3]

At the time of the politically weak Grand Pensionaries Anthonie Duyck and Jacob Cats from the 1620s to the 1640s, Bicker was regarded as the head of the republican regents in Holland and as a politician who resolutely opposed the striving for power of the stadtholders Frederick Henry and William II of Orange. He was considered one of the greatest political opponents of the Frederik Henry,[4] and controlled foreign policy. Andries Bicker, together with his brother Cornelis Bicker[5] and Cornelis de Graeff, the so called Bicker-De Graeff clan, was one of the main initiators of peace with Spain during the Eighty Years' War and of the participation of the Dutch provinces in the Peace of Münster in 1648.[6][7]

Biography

Bicker family

Descendants of Andries Boelens. Overview of the personal family relationships of the Amsterdam oligarchy between the regent-dynasties Boelens Loen, De Graeff, Bicker (van Swieten), Witsen and Johan de Witt in the Dutch Golden Age

The Bicker family was one of the oldest patrician families of Amsterdam and belonged to the leading regent-oligarchy. The Bickers were the most powerful family in Amsterdam and decisively determined the fortunes of the city.[4][8] They were a major trading family involved in beer brewing and the pelt trade with Muscovy and supported the founding of the East and West India Company; Jacob and Cornelis Bicker were appointed in the board.[9] Through their work on the Amsterdam City Council, the Wisselbank, the East- and West India company, the Bickers gained enormous influence on politico-economic self-determination in the Dutch Republic due to the city's position of economic power within the Republic.[10] Andries Bicker ruled the city administration for many years and was mainly supported and carried by his three brothers Jacob, Jan and Cornelis.[10] The Bicker brothers had a firm grip on world trade, in the East, the West, the North and the Mediterranean. The brothers supplied ships and ammunition to Spain (with mayors Boom and Jan Cornelis Geelvink|Geelvinck) the 1630s.[11]

Bartholomeus van der Helst - Portrait of Catharina Jansdr. Tengnagel, wife of Andries Bicker

Andries Bicker was the eldest son of Gerrit Bicker and Aleyd Andriesdr Boelens Loen. Gerrit was a wealthy patrician, politician, beer brewer and grain merchant.[12] and threw his work in the Amsterdam vroedschap and as one of the founders of the East India Company, he was able to launch the careers of his sons, grandchildren and nephews. Andries Bicker was married to Trijn Jansdr van Tengnagel (1595–1652). The couple lived near Oudemanhuispoort and had eleven children, five survived childhood:[13]

  • Alida Bicker (1620-1702) was married to her cousin major Jacob Bicker (1612–1676), who inherited Engelenburg after the death of his brother-in-law.
  • Gerard Bicker (1622-1666) was baljuw of Gooi, living at Muiden Castle from 1649. He inherited the estate Engelenburg and the title in 1652 after the death of his father. In 1656, he married Alida Conings against the will of his father.
  • Jan Bicker (1626-1657), remained unmarried; advisor of the Admirality of Noorderkwartier (1655/1657)[14]
  • Cornelia Bicker (1629-1708), who inherited "Spanderswoud", was married to the Danish baron and wealthy landlord Joachim Irgens von Westervick in 1656.[15] Between 1666 and 1675 Irgens owned the norwegian Irgens Estate, which was huge part of Northern Norway, as a private estate.
  • Elisabeth Bicker (1631-1666) was married to Salomon Sweers,[15] younger brother of Admiral Isaac Sweers

One of Andries Bicker's granddaughters, Catharina Bicker (1642–1678) - daughter of Alida Bicker - was married to a refugee, former Danish steward, councilor and chamberlain, imperial Count Palatine Jacob de Petersen.[16]

Coat of arms

Coat of arms Andries Bicker as lord of Engelenburg

The coat of arms of Andries Bickers was quartered:

  • 1 and 4 in gold, a red crossbar (van den Anxter); 2 and 3 in silver, three transverse black helmets placed one above the other (Helmer). Helmt.: a protruding bearded male figure in natural color, dressed in a red tabard with wide sleeves and provided with gold braids and braids, covered with a high pointed cap with a turned-back brim, and holding up a golden torch in each of the given hands, the bottom rests on the helmet. Andries, as owner of the lordship of Engelenburg, has increased this with a blue heart shield, charged with a silver castle, from which emerges a rising silver angel with outspread wings.[1]

Genealogical and political Legacy

Andries and his brother Cornelis Bicker, together with their cousins Cornelis and Andries de Graeff, saw themselves as the political heirs of the old regent family Boelens, whose main lineage, which had remained catholic, had died out in the male line in 1647. They had received the very significant first names Andries and Cornelis from their Boelens ancestors. As in a real dynasty, members of the two families frequently intermarried in the 17th century in order to keep their political and commercial capital together. Its great historical ancestor was Andries Boelens (1455-1519), the city's most influential medieval mayor. Both families, Bicker and De Graeff, descend in the female line from Boelens. He was allowed to hold the highest office in Amsterdam fifteen times.[17]

Political career

Beginning

Poem on Andries Bicker by Joost van den Vondel (before 1650)

Andries Bicker was a wealthy merchant who trade with Russia.[1] He grew up at Lange Niezel, close to the house Jacob Dircksz de Graeff was living. His father owned a brewery. Andries and Jan studied somewhere because they both had a degree. In 1616 he became a member of the Amsterdam vroedschap and represented the radical Republican party.[12] In questions of faith, he was on the side of the radically thinking followers of Arminianism and Remonstrants. Bicker came to the fore through his knowledge and moderation when Reynier Pauw fell in disgrace. In 1620 he was appointed schepen of Amsterdam. Like his father he invested in draining Purmer, Schermer and Heerhugowaard.[18] In 1624 he was appointed at the Wisselbank (for only one year) and in 1626 as a colonel in the Civic guard.[19][20] In 1627, reaching forty years old, he was elected mayor of Amsterdam;[12] (Jacob Dircksz de Graeff returned to power again). Ten times he was elected mayor; his further appointments fell in the years 1629, 1631, 1633, 1634, 1636, 1640, 1641, 1645 and 1649.[13]

In 1628 Andries Bicker served as an envoy of the Dutch States-General at the courts of Poland, Sweden and Brandenburg to represent Dutch commercial interests and close negotiations between these two countries, mediate a peace (culminating in the Treaty of Sztumska Wieś) and at the same time set up new Baltic trade agreements. Apart from Bicker, this delegation included Rochus van den Honert, Simon van Beaumont and Gijsbert van Boetselaar.[12] While diplomats were received with great honor at the Swedish court, this was not the case in Poland; they returned to The Hague without having achieved anything.

Bickerse league

Historical-allegorical painting "De Gouden eeuw" about the De Graeff family of the Dutch Golden Age. The painting shows the protagonists around the Amsterdam regent Cornelis de Graeff (middle) and his relatives Johan de Witt (right), Cornelis de Witt (left) and Andries Bicker (second from left) as well as some events from this decade. (Painting by Matthias Laurenz Gräff, 2007)

The Bicker family was liberal Protestant and focused on Amsterdam's economic boom. In the 1630s, Andries Bicker ruled the city together with his uncle Jacob Dircksz de Graeff as the so called arminian clique,[21] helping the Republicans and Remonstrants regain influence and recognition for the first time since Johan van Oldenbarnevelt's death. Bicker and De Graeff shared a liberal attitude that set them apart from more strict city politicians.[22] In 1628 the Bickers supported a call for more tolerance towards the Remonstrants.[23]

From the later 1630s they came into opposition to the stadtholders who came from the House of Orange. The Bickerse league political group comprised seven members of the Bicker family, all of whom held political offices at that time. In addition to Andries Bicker, his brothers Jan, Jacob and Cornelis Bicker also belonged to that league, as well as Andries' son Gerard Bicker and their more distant cousins, the brothers Jacob Jacobsz Bicker (1612–1676) and Hendrick Jacobsz Bicker (1615–1651). They opposed the stadtholder Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, who intended the centralize the five admiralties, which would cause the Admiralty of Amsterdam to lose influence.[24]

From 1625 Cornelis Bicker was connected to the Wisselbank.[25] Jacob Bicker became one of the managers of the VOC. The Bicker family also had concerns in peat-digging in Drenthe and disagreed with Adriaan Pauw.[26] In 1634 Andries Bicker became the owner of five plots with a depth of ca 1100m in 's-Graveland, the site where now Spanderswoud and Trompenburgh mansions stand.[27][28] In 1635 he was on a diplomatic mission to Poland, Sweden and Denmark together with Van den Honert and Joachim Andreae.[13] They reached an extension of the expiring armistice between Poland and Sweden. In 1635 Bicker was one of the Dutch envoys at the Treaty of Stuhmsdorf. At the solemn entry of Maria de Medici into Amsterdam in 1638, he, his brother Jacob and the regents Albert Burgh, Pieter Hasselaer, Antonie Oetgens van Waveren and Abraham Boom welcomed her.[29][12]

A strong bulwark against the ambitions of the House of Orange also developed in Amsterdam during these years. Since the Bickers feared an economically strong Antwerp and Brabant, they supported the Spaniards in their fight against the southern Dutch provinces.[1] Between 1637 and 1639 he was appointed councilor of the Admiralty of Amsterdam, succeeding Jacob Corneliszoon van Neck.[1] In 1639 Andries speculated in spices and monopolized the fur trade.[30] Johan Elias states he was a manager of the VOC in 1641 but confused him with Jacob Bicker. In February 1642 he was not elected in the city council but was allowed to represent the States-General of the Netherlands.

In 1643, Andries Bicker went with Jacob de Witt as an envoy to Sweden to mediate between Sweden and Polen.[31] In 1643 the Amsterdam burgomasters Jan Cornelisz Geelvinck, Albert Burgh, Gerbrand Claesz Pancras and Cornelis de Graeff were able to get Andries Bicker, who had become overpowering, to resign by appointing him to the Council of States of Holland. He held this position until 1645.[13] In the same year, Andries Bicker traveled to Stockholm together with Jacob de Witt, the Zeeland Pensionary Cornelis van Stavenisse and Joachim Andreae, again on a diplomatic mission to Axel Oxenstierna, to secure Sweden's peace with Denmark.[13] The end of the war and the Dutch naval dominance under Admiral Witte de With in the Baltic Sea rested on the power of Andries Bicker and not on that of the stadtholder.[1]

During the 1640s the republican elite of the province of Holland, the brothers Andries and Cornelis Bicker,[5] their cousins the brothers Cornelis and Andries de Graeff[32] and Jacob de Witt, advocated an end to the war with the Spanish Kingdom of Spain and a reduction in land forces.[33] This ongoing state of war prevented the economic growth and social development in Holland. Also, this state of war strengthened the stadtholder's power as commander-in-chief of the armed forces, something the Republicans did not want. He was a vehement supporter of ending the Eighty Years' War with the Spanish Habsburgs. This intensified the conflict with the Stadtholder Frederick Henry and the Reformed in Holland.

Engelenburg

Between 1646 and 1648 he was a deputy in the States General.[13] In 1646 the seven members of the "Bickerse league", simultaneously held some political position or other. This brought them again in conflict with the stadtholder, some provinces, like Zeeland and Utrecht, and the Reformed preachers.[34] In 1647 Andries Bicker, former Grand Pensionary Adriaan Pauw and the inner power circle of the States of Holland first advocated a drastic reduction in Dutch forces (under the orders of the Orange stadtholder).[35] In the same year he inherited the dominion and Engelenburg castle from his brother Jacob Bicker.[13] In July 1647, more than half a year before the conclusion of the peace treaty in Münster, the Spanish government made a proposal aimed at making Amsterdam the staple market for Spanish silver. In October the States General decided to authorize the admiralties to issue passports for the export of silver imported from Spain; Andries Bicker was involved in the request.[36] He provided ships to transport Spanish silver from Cadiz to the Spanish Netherlands.

Conflict with William II of Orange

This painting possibly shows princely troops along the Amstel river the Welna estate, headquarters during William II's attack on Amsterdam.
Gerard Andriesz Bicker by Bartholomeus van der Helst

During the 1640s, the influence of Andries Bicker and the city grew even greater as the end of the Eighty Years' War drew nearer. Amsterdam's trade interests pointed in the direction of peace and she was able to push through under Bicker's leadership. The position of the Bicker family was then more powerful than any generation of mayors before or after them. In 1641 Jacob succeeded his brother Cornelis at the Wisselbank.[37] Andries Bicker represented a growing authority both from his membership in the States General, over the States of Holland, and from his frequent diplomatic mission trips to Sweden, Poland, Brandenburg and Denmark.[1]

In 1648, due to the immense political pressure from the entire Bicker-De Graeff Clan[32] the United Netherlands entered into peace negotiations with Spain in order to end the Eighty Years' War with the Peace of Münster.[38] After the States General treaties and the reduction of the land forces,[31] the political opposition to the House of Orange and in particular to the new stadtholder William II,[39] who had succeeded his father Frederick Henry in 1647, wanted to make the city of Amsterdam docile in 1650 by means of a coup d'etat, deepened. In May 1650 he supported a proposal that suggested military cutbacks to encourage peace efforts. In an anonymous libel he was accused of high treason.[40] On 30 June 1650 Andries Bicker was appointed councilor of the Admiralty of Amsterdam. On 30 July 1650 the brothers old-burgomaster Andries and burgomaster Cornelis Bicker[5] activated the militia to defend against an attack on Amsterdam by the new stadholder William II and Frederick, Burgrave of Dohna after being warned of William's approach by a postman travelling from Hamburg to Amsterdam,[41] who passed on the news to Bicker's son Gerard Bicker, then the bailiff or drost of Gooi.

Gerard set off for Amsterdam by boat and after receiving the news Cornelis and Andries together with burgomaster Joan Huydecoper van Maarsseveen raised the bridges, shut the gates and deployed artillery. The attack failed but after the attack burgomaster De Graeff passed on a message from William II that Cornelis and Andries[42] must resign from their posts on the town council.[43] As result Andries Bicker was purged from the vroedschap in August, as was his brother Cornelis Bicker,[31] as one of the conditions of the treaty that followed, led by De Graeff and Huydecoper.[44] However, they were restored to them on 22 November the same year two weeks after William died of smallpox.[42] In 1652 he was deputy to the Chambre Mi-partie, solving remaining problems between Spain and the Netherlands.[45] On 11 May, he requested his discharge from the last function; Andries died the following 24 June.[1]

Outlook

After the death of Andries Bicker and the other Bicker brothers, the family's influence ended. None of Andries descendants achieved a seat in the Amsterdam Vroedschap. Henceforth, it was the equally republican-minded brothers Cornelis and Andries de Graeff, and their following, who dominated Amsterdam and the States of Holland.[46] His niece Wendela Bicker married the powerful raadspensionaris Johan de Witt,[47] who dominated the Dutch politic of the later Golden Age until the Rampjaar 1672.

Historiography

The dutch historian and archivist Bas Dudok van Heel van Heel about the inppact of the Bicker [in particularly the brothers Andries and Cornelis Bicker] and the linked De Graeff family [in particularly the brothers Cornelis and Andries de Graeff] and their missed (high) noble rank: In Florence families like Bicker and De Graeff would have been uncrowned princes. Here, in 1815, they should at least have been raised to the rank of count, but the southern Dutch nobility would not have put up with that. What you got here remained nothing half and nothing whole.[48]

Notes and references

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Biography Andries Bicker at Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek, Deel 10 (1937), by P.J. Blok and P.C. Molhuysen
  2. ^ Geschiedenis van Holland, Volume 2, Book 2, by Eelco Beukers
  3. ^ Jonathan I. Israel: The Dutch Republic – Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall - 1477-1806. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1995, p 494. ISBN 978-0-19-820734-4
  4. ^ a b Seefahrer in schwedischen Diensten: Seeschifffahrt und Technologietransfer im 17. Jahrhundert, by Hielke van Nieuwenhuize, p 232 (2022)
  5. ^ a b c Andries and Cornelis Bicker at Letterkundig woordenboek voor Noord en Zuid
  6. ^ Amsterdam: a brief life of the city. By Geert Mak, Harvill Press (1999), p 123
  7. ^ Buitenplaatsen in de Gouden Eeuw: De rijkdom van het buitenleven in de Republik. Herausgegeben von Y. Kuiper, Ben Olde Meierink, Elyze Storms-Smeets, p 71 (2015)
  8. ^ Geschichte der Niederlande: Von der Seemacht zum Trendland, by Christoph Driessen (2022)
  9. ^ Dillen, J.G. van (1970), p. 151
  10. ^ a b Familial State: Ruling Families and Merchant Capitalism in Early Modern Europe, by Julia Adams, p. 99 (2005)
  11. ^ Balbian Verster, J.F.L. (1932) De burgemeesters van Amsterdam, p. 20-22
  12. ^ a b c d e Abraham Jacob van der Aa, Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden (BWN), (1878), volume 1-2, p 517
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Johan Engelbert Elias, De Vroedschap van Amsterdam, 1578-1795, Deel 1, p 346
  14. ^ Johan Engelbert Elias, De Vroedschap van Amsterdam, 1578-1795, Deel 1, p 497
  15. ^ a b Johan Engelbert Elias, De Vroedschap van Amsterdam, 1578-1795, Deel 1, p 347
  16. ^ Johan Engelbert Elias, De Vroedschap van Amsterdam, 1578-1795, Deel 1, p 362
  17. ^ DBNL, Amsterdamse burgemeesters zonder stamboom. De dichter Vondel en de schilder Colijns vervalsen geschiedenis, by S.A.C. Dudok van Heel, p 147 (1990)
  18. ^ "Het Oude Gemaal - Andries Bicker".
  19. ^ Amsterdams oude burgervendels (Schutterij), 1580-1795. Van Looy. 1888.
  20. ^ Zwet, H. van (2009) Lofwaerdighe dijckagies en miserabele polders : een financiële analyse van landaanwinningsprojecten in Hollands Noorderkwartier, 1597-1643, p. 438. Verloren
  21. ^ Eelco Beukers: Geschiedenis van Holland, Volume 2, Book 2, p 44 (Google Books)
  22. ^ Dutch Overseas Empire, 1600–1800, p 19/20, by Pieter C. Emmer, Jos J.L. Gommans (2020)
  23. ^ K.P. de Vries (1900) De kerkelijke twisten te Amsterdam 1626-1631
  24. ^ Burke, P. (1974) Venice and Amsterdam. London: Temple Smith, p. 59
  25. ^ https://goudeneeuwremake.wordpress.com/2015/07/16/amsterdamsche-wisselbank-1609-1820/
  26. ^ Dillen, J.G. van (1970), p. 225
  27. ^ F.J.E. VAN LENNEP (1959) AMSTERDAMMERS IN ‘S-GRAVELAND, p. 108, 114, 116. In: Jaarboek Amstelodamum.
  28. ^ Laarse, R. van der (2015) Amsterdam en Oranje: de politieke cultuur van kasteel en buitenplaats in Hollands Gouden Eeuw. In: Y. Kuiper, B. Olde Meierink, & E. Storms-Smeets (Hrsg.), Buitenplaatsen in de Gouden Eeuw: de rijkdom van het buitenleven in de Republiek, p. 79
  29. ^ "Vondel naar Barlaeus - Blyde inkomst van Maria de Medicis - 1639".
  30. ^ "[Bicker, Dr. Andries], Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Deel 10".
  31. ^ a b c Abraham Jacob van der Aa, Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden (BWN), (1878), volume 1-2, p 517
  32. ^ a b Amsterdam: a brief life of the city. By Geert Mak, Harvill Press (1999), p 123
  33. ^ Oliver Krause: Die Variabilität frühneuzeitlicher Staatlichkeit. Die niederländische „Staats“-Formierung der Statthaltosen Epoche (1650–1672) als interkontinentales Regiment (Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2018)
  34. ^ Israel, J. (1995) The Dutch Republic, Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477-1806. Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 545.
  35. ^ Jonathan I. Israel: The Dutch Republic – Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall - 1477-1806. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1995, S. 602. ISBN 978-0-19-820734-4
  36. ^ J.G. van Dillen (1970) Van rijkdom en regenten. Handboek tot de economische en sociale geschiedenis van Nederland tijdens de Republiek, p. 31-32
  37. ^ Jan Wagenaar (1767) Amsterdan in zijne opkomst, aanwas, geschiedenissen
  38. ^ Buitenplaatsen in de Gouden Eeuw: De rijkdom van het buitenleven in de Republik. Herausgegeben von Y. Kuiper, Ben Olde Meierink, Elyze Storms-Smeets, S. 71 (2015)
  39. ^ Israel, J. (1995) The Dutch Republic, Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477-1806. p. 602
  40. ^ Drees, M. M. (2013) Blaming and demonizing. Satirical pamphlet literature in the seventeenth-century Dutch Republic. Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis, 126(2), 220-234.
  41. ^ Abraham Jacob van der Aa, Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden (BWN), (1878), volume 1-2, p 519
  42. ^ a b Biography Cornelis Bicker Biography at Nieuw Nederlands Biografisch Woordenboek
  43. ^ Johan Engelbert Elias, De Vroedschap van Amsterdam, 1578-1795, Deel 1, p 175
  44. ^ Israel, J. (1995) The Dutch Republic, Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477-1806, p. 607
  45. ^ Chambre Mi-Partie: Münster Peace Treaty of 1648 by Bram De Ridder
  46. ^ Israel, J. (1995) The Dutch Republic, Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477-1806, p. 704.
  47. ^ Panhuysen, L. (2005) De Ware Vrijheid, De levens van Johan en Cornelis de Witt. pp. 181–183.
  48. ^ Geert Mak, Die vielen Leben des Jan Six: Geschichte einer Amsterdamer Dynastie: Geert Mak, Die vielen Leben des Jan Six: Geschichte einer Amsterdamer Dynastie

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