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==Malayan Emergency==
{{POV|date=March 2011}}
{{main|Malayan Emergency}}
{{Terrorism}}
In 1948, the [[Malayan Communist Party]], which had been the most effective organizer of anti-Japanese resistance in the British colonial possession [[Malaya]] during the [[World War II]],<ref name="Hack">Karl Hack, The Malayan Emergency as Counter-Insurgency Paradigm, ''Journal of Strategic Studies'', 2009, 32: 3, p. 383-414.</ref> started an anti-colonial [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war]], known as the "[[Malayan emergency]]". The insurgents, which were hastily assembled under the name of [[Malayan National Liberation Army]] started the campaign of violence in support of labor disputes,<ref name="Hack"/> and eventually to seize a power in Malaya.<ref name="Hack"/> The insurgents were labeled at first as "banditry" then later as "Communist terrorism" in British propaganda<ref>Phillip Deery. The Terminology of Terrorism: Malaya, 1948–52. ''Journal of Southeast Asia Studies'', Vol. 34, No. 2 (June 2003), pp. 231–247.</ref><ref>L Yew. Managing plurality: the politics of the periphery in early cold war Singapore. ''International Journal of Asian Studies'', 2010, p. 159-177</ref> to deny the partisans' political legitimacy, to locate the Malayan Emergency in a broader context of the Cold War<ref>Anthony J. Stockwell, A widespread and long-concocted plot to overthrow government in Malaya? The origins of the Malayan Emergency. ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'', 21, 3 (1993): 79-80.</ref> and to preserve a British business interests in Malaya, which would be heavily affected had the British administration conceded that they faced a full scale anti colonial insurgency.<ref>Nicholas J. White Capitalism and Counter-Insurgency? Business and Government in the Malayan Emergency, 1948-57 Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Feb., 1998), pp. 149-177</ref> The British authorities started a 'counter-terror' campaign that, as a result of poor preparedness of the authorities for the Emergency, initially lead to casualties among innocent civilians, with destruction of whole villages, population transfers, detainment and mass deportations.<ref name="Hack"/> After 1949, when the Communist attempts to seize power failed, the insurgents withdrew to jungles and prepared for a prolonged war, launching the campaign of widespread small-scale attacks and sabotage to disrupt Malaya’s rubber exports, thereby weakening the colony's value to Britain.<ref name="Hack"/> The communist terrorist attacks reached their apex in 1951, although the attacks were described as a "wave of desperation".<ref name="Randall D. Law 2">Randall D. Law page 192</ref> In 1949 over seven hundred people died from terrorist actions, and during 1950/51 casualty's were running at an estimated 100 law enforcement officers and 90 non-combatants a month being killed.<ref name="Randall D. Law 3">Randall D. Law page 193</ref> By 1957, the British anti-insurgent measures (the "Briggs Plan"), which included a careful control of densely populated areas, breaking the Communist resistance in these areas, pushing them to jungles, separating them from the sources of food and information supply, and eventually forcing them to attack the British forces on their own territory, had been crowned to a success that the uprising was essentially suppressed.<ref name="Hack"/>
'''Communist terrorism''' is the term which has been used to describe actions carried out by states, such as acts against the populace by the [[Soviet Union]],<ref name="Gérard Chaliand, Arnaud Blin 2">Chaliand page 197/202</ref> the [[Peoples Republic of China]],<ref name="Gérard Chaliand, Arnaud Blin 2">Chaliand page 197/202</ref> [[North Korea]]<ref name="Gérard Chaliand, Arnaud Blin 3">Chaliand page 197/202</ref> and the [[Khmer Rouge]] in [[Cambodia]]<ref name="Kenton J. Clymer">Clymer page 107</ref> And non state groups which commit actions deemed to be terrorist in nature and who subscribe to a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist/Leninist]] or [[Maoist]] ideology. These groups hope that through these actions they will inspire [[Common people|the masses]] to rise up and overthrow the existing political and economic system. Examples of such groups are the [[Red Brigades]], [[Front Line]] and the [[Red Army Faction]]<ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">C. J. M. Drake page 19</ref>

In recent years, there has been a marked decrease in such terrorism, which has been substantially credited to the end of the Cold War and the fall of the U.S.S.R.<ref name="David C. Wills">David C. Wills page 219</ref> However, at its apogee, communism was argued by some to be the major source of international terrorism, whether inspired by the ideology or supported by its states.<ref name="Brian Crozier">Brian Crozier page 203</ref>

==Historical usage of the term==
In the 1930`s the term 'communist terrorism' was used by the [[Nazi Party]] in Germany as part of a propaganda effort to create fear of communism. The Nazi`s blamed communist terrorism for the [[Reichstag Fire]] and used this as an excuse to push through legislation which removed personal freedom from all citizens.<ref name="Conway John S.">Conway pp17</ref><ref name="Gadberry, Glen W.">Gadberry pp7</ref> In the 1940`s and 1950`s in various [[Southeast Asia]]n countries such as Malaya, The Philippines and Vietnam, communist groups began to conduct terrorist operations. In the 1960`s the [[Sino–Soviet split]] also lead to a marked increase in terrorist activity in the region.<ref name="Weinberg, Leonard">Weinberg pp14</ref> Phillip Deery has written that the Malaysian insurgents were called communist terrorists only as part of a propaganda campaign.<ref>Phillip Deery. The Terminology of Terrorism: Malaya, 1948–52. ''Journal of Southeast Asia Studies'', Vol. 34, No. 2 (June 2003), pp. 231–247.</ref> Though John David Slocum says that it was used to draw attention to their ideological beliefs.<ref name="Slocum, John David.">Slocum pp75</ref>

In the late 1960`s in [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and in both [[North America|north]] and [[South America]] various terrorist organizations began operations. These groups which were named the Fighting Communist Organizations (FCO) by [[Yonah Alexander]]<ref name="Alexander Yonah 1">Alexander pp16</ref><ref name="Harmon, Christopher C.">Harmon pp13</ref> rose out of the [[Protests of 1968|student union movement]] which was at that time protesting against the [[Vietnam War]]. In western Europe these groups actions were known as Euroterrorism.<ref name="Harmon, Christopher C. 2">Harmon pp58</ref> The founders of the FCO argued that it would take violence to achieve their idealistic goals and that legitimate protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them.<ref name="C. J. M. Drake 2">Drake pp102</ref><ref name= "Enders Walter. Sandler Todd.">Sandler pp10</ref> In the 1970`s there were an estimated 50 Marxist/Leninist groups operating in [[Turkey]] and an estimated 225 in Italy. Groups also began operations in [[Ireland]] and [[Great Britain]].<ref name="Alexander Yonah 2">Alexander pp51-52</ref> These groups were seen as a major threat by [[NATO]] and also by the Italian, German and British governments.<ref name="Paoletti, Ciro">Paoletti p202</ref> The [[Italian Communist Party]] were critical of local terrorist actions and condemned them.<ref>Richard Drake. Terrorism and the Decline of Italian Communism: Domestic and International Dimensions. ''Journal of Cold War Studies'', Volume 12, Number 2, Spring 2010 1531-3298</ref>

==Communist view on the use of terrorism==
As Lenin systematically denounced the terrorism practiced by the [[Socialist Revolutionaries]], it is often perceived that he opposed terrorism, however Lenin was an apostle of terror since his earliest days.<ref name='Chaliand'/> After 1905 he increasingly became an enthusiastic supporter of all types of terror. According to Trotsky, Lenin emphasized the absolute necessity of terror and as early as 1904 Lenin was heard to declare ''"The dictatorship of the proletariat is an absolutely meaningless expression without Jacobin coercion"''.<ref name="Dallin 1970 10">{{cite book |title=Political terror in communist systems |last=Dallin |first=Alexander |authorlink= |coauthors=George W. Breslauer |year=1970 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location= |isbn=9780804707275 |page=10 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> In 1905 Lenin directed members of the St. Petersburg "Combat Committee" to commit acts of robbery, arson and other terrorist acts.<ref name='harmon'/> Joan Witte contends that Lenin opposed terrorism except that wielded by the party and the Red Army after 1917,<ref name='harmon'>{{cite book |title=Terrorism today |last=Harmon |first=Christopher C. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2008 |publisher= Routledge |location= |isbn=9780714649986 |page=37 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> but he only opposed the use of terrorism when it was a mindless act but endorsed its use to advance the communist revolution.<ref name='harmon'/> It was the disorderly, unorganised and petty terrorism that he objected to and mass terror that he advocated.<ref name='Chaliand'>{{cite book |title=The history of terrorism: from antiquity to al Qaeda |last= Chaliand |first= Gérard |authorlink= |coauthors=Arnaud Blin |year=2007 |publisher=University of California Press |location= |isbn= 9780520247093 |page=198 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> By 1917, according to Richard Drake, Lenin had abandoned any reluctance to using terrorist tactics, and he believed all resistance to the communist revolution would have to be met with maximum force. Drake states that the terrorist potential in Lenin's program was unmistakable, as acknowledged by Trotsky in his book ''Terrorism and Communism: a Reply'' published in 1918.<ref>{{cite book |title=The terrorism ahead: confronting transnational violence in the twenty-first century |last= Smith |first=Paul J. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 2008 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |location= |isbn= 9780765619884 |page=9 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TRX2kQmZLS0C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate=}}</ref> In his book, Trotsky provided an elaborate justification for the use of terror, stating ''"The man who repudiates terrorism in princliple, i.e., repudiates measures of suppression and intimidation towards determined and armed counterrevolution, must reject all idea of the political supremacy of the working class and its revolutionary dictatorship."''<ref name="Dallin 1970 10"/>

According to Paul Smith, the difference between Stalin and Lenin is that while Stalin is primarily known for state terror, Lenin experienced the full spectrum, engaging in terrorism while he was not in power, then engaging in state terrorism against his own population after gaining power.<ref>Smith, p9</ref>

==Soviet Union==
In 1917 after the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]] one of the main features of the new communist regime was the use of [[terror]] to subdue the populace, the use of terror has been described as "evident in the regimes very origins" by historian [[Anna Geifman]]. Historian W. J. Stankiewicz has also stated <blockquote>
"The USSR’s resort to terrorism signalized an abandonment of the long-standing fiction
that Communism is part of the movement of ‘history’; that in order to win, it does not
need any special measures. When terrorism is defined as ‘active measures’ that can and
‘ought’ to be part of the policy of a Communist State, we see a shift to a frank acceptance
by Communist ideologues that their system is based on power not reason or the forces of
history".<ref name="W. J. Stankiewicz">W. J. Stankiewicz page 225</ref></blockquote> An estimated 17,000 people died as a result of this revolutionary violence.<ref name="Geifman, Anna.">Geifman pp21</ref> [[Vladimir Lenin]] stated that his “Jacobian party would never reject terror, nor could it do so", and that they used the [[Jacobin Club|Jacobian]] [[Reign of Terror]] of 1793-1794 as a model for their own [[Red Terror]].<ref name="Marcus C. Levitt 1">Marcus C. Levitt page 152-153</ref> [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] founder of the [[Cheka]] used terrorist actions against all classes of people, though the peasants were heavily targeted due to their refusal to give excessive amounts of grain to the government.<ref name="Richard W. Mansbach 1">Richard W. Mansbach page 336</ref> Upon founding the [[New Economic Policy]](NEP) Lenin stated, "It is a mistake to think the NEP has put an end to terrorism. We shall return to terrorism, and it will be an economic terrorism" One such result of this type of terrorism was the [[Holodomor]], in which an estimated four to ten million people starved to death.<ref name="David Schmidtz">David Schmidtz page 191</ref>
Also described as an act of communist terror by historian Robert G. Moeller was the deaths of an estimated one million Prisoners of war at the hands of the Soviet regime. They had been used as slave labour and worked to death.<ref name="Robert G. Moeller">Moeller page 33</ref>
The attacks on the Catholic Church in the occupied eastern European nations have also been described as a "terrorist" act.<ref name="Christopher Lawrence Zugger">Zugger page 444</ref>

==Vietnam==
{{main|Vietnam War|Viet Cong}}
During World War II the communist [[Viet Minh]] led by [[Ho Chi Minh]] fought a guerilla campaign against the Japanese occupation forces and following Japans surrender continued their insurgency against the French colonial forces, this insurgency continued later as the Viet Cong(VC) fought against both the south Vietnamese government and American forces.<ref name="Mockaitis, Thomas R.">Mockaitis pp23</ref> they used terrorism throughout these campaigns as a specific tactic.<ref name="Crenshaw, Martha. Pimlott, John.">Crenshaw pp503</ref> leading to the deaths of thousands.<ref name="Pedahzur, Ami 1">Pedahzur pp114</ref> After an armistice was signed between the Viet Minh and the French forces in 1954 terrorist actions continued.<ref name ="Freeman, James M.">Freeman pp192</ref>
Carol Winkler has written that in the 1950`s Viet Cong terrorism was rife in [[South Vietnam]] with political leaders, provincial chiefs, teachers, nurses, doctors and members of the military being targeted. Between 1965 and 1972 terrorists had killed over thirty three thousand people and abducted a further fifty seven thousand.
<ref name="Winkler, Carol">Winkler pp17</ref><ref name="Forest, James J. F.">Forest pp82</ref> In [[Saigon]] terrorist actions have been described by Nghia M. Vo as "long and murderous" The firing of automatic weapons, planting bombs and throwing grenades were the tactics used. The prime minister of the time [[Tran Van Huong]] was shot in an attempted assassination and that in 1964 alone there were 19,000 attacks on civilian targets.<ref name="Vo, Nghia M. 1">Vo pp28/29</ref>
[[Image:Infant victim of Dak Son massacre.jpg|right|thumbnail|200px|Infant victim of Dak Son massacre]]The [[Massacre at Huế]] has been described as one of the worst communist terrorist actions during the Vietnam War.<ref name="Lanning, Michael Lee 1">Lanning pp185</ref> with some estimates saying up to 5000 dead.<ref name="Brown, T. Louise">Brown pp163</ref> The United States Army recorded as killed, "3800 killed in and around Huế, 2786 confirmed civilians massacred, 2226 civilians found in mass graves and 16 non Vietnamese civilians killed.<ref name="Krohn, Charles A.">Krohn pp126</ref> Some apologists have claimed the majority of deaths were caused by US bombing in the fight to retake the city, however the vast majority of dead were found in [[Mass grave|Mass Graves]] outside the city.<ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown pp163</ref> Benjamin A. Valentino has put a death toll of between 45,000 and 80,000 between 1954 - 1975 due to VC terrorism.<ref name="Valentino, Benjamin A.">Valentino p88</ref>

Historian Douglas Pike has also described as a terrorist act the [[Dak Son Massacre]]. On December 6, 1967 the [[Viet Cong]] used [[Flame throwers]] on civilians in the village of Dak Son killing 252 with the majority of those burnt alive being women and children.<ref name="Lanning, Michael Lee 2">Lanning pp185-186</ref> In May, 1967 Dr. Tran Van-Luy informed the [[World Health Organisation]] "that over the previous 10 years Communist terrorists had destroyed 174 dispensaries, maternity homes and hospitals"<ref name="Bernadette, Rigal-Cellard">Rigal-Cellard pp229</ref> Ami Pedahzur has written that "the overall volume and lethality of Viet Cong terrorism rivals or exceeds all but a handful (e.g. Algeria, Sri Lanka) of terrorist campaigns waged over the last third of the twentieth century",<ref name="Pedahzur, Ami 2">Pedahzur pp116</ref> and that the VC used [[Suicide Attack|Suicide Terrorism]] as an example of [[Propaganda of the deed]].<ref name="Pedahzur, Ami 3">Pedahzur pp117</ref>

Arthur J Dommen has written that the majority of those killed due to VC terrorism were civilians, being caught in ambushes as they traveled on buses. Houses and villages were burnt down and there was forced impressment into the VC, and that the image of the VC insurgency being a popular uprising was a facet of communist propaganda<ref name="Dommen Arthur J.">Dommen pp503</ref>

==Africa==
In [[Rhodesia]] during the 1970`s terrorists operating in the country had received training in Russia, China, Cuba and Algeria. Both [[Zimbabwe African People's Union]] (ZAPU) and the [[Zimbabwe African National Union]] (ZANU) based themselves in the [[Lusaka]] area in [[Zambia]] so as to be within striking distance of Rhodesia.<ref name="Elaine Windrich">Windrich page 279</ref>

During the [[apartheid]] era in [[South Africa]], the government under the [[Afrikaner]] [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] deemed the ANC's creation and use of its military wing [[Umkhonto we Sizwe]] as communist supported terrorism.<ref name='Schutz'/> To combat this violence a series of laws were introduced by the government, starting with the Suppression of Communism Act, which defined and banned organisations and people judged to be communists. In 1967 the government promulgated the Terrorism Act which made terrorist acts a statuary crime and implemented indefinite detention for those captured, followed by the Affected Organisations Act in 1974 and the Internal Security Act in 1982.<ref name='Schutz'>{{cite book |last1=Schutz |first1=Barry M. |editor1-first=Jean |editor1-last= Rosenfeld |title=Terrorism, Identity, and Legitimacy: The Four Waves Theory and Political Violence |url= |archiveurl= |series= |volume= |year=2011 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn= 9780415578578 |page=199 |chapter=South Africa's paradox of violence and legitimacy }}</ref>

==The Philippines==
The [[New People's Army]](NPA) founded on March 29, 1969 have been described as the third major terrorist group operating in the Philippines. And as a major security threat. This group carried out attacks between 1987 and 1992, then after a ten year break began operations again. They had carried out forty two attacks between 2000 and 2006.<ref name ="Cox, Dan G. Falconer, John. Stackhouse, Brian.">Cox pp97</ref>

==Communist Terrorism in Malaya==
Led by [[Chin Peng]] in 1947 a communist insurgency began in [[Malaya]].<ref name="Randall D. Law 1">Randall D. Law page 189</ref> Within four months of the [[Federation of Malaya]] agreement being signed the Malayan communist party began terrorist attacks which lead to the assassination of British High Commissioner, [[Henry Gurney|Sir Henry Gurney]] in 1951.<ref name="Time 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821883,00.html|title=Ineffectual Planters' Punch|date=26 November, 1951|work=Time|publisher=Time|page=1|accessdate=3 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Tunku Abdul Rahman">{{cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Tunku Abdul|date=July, 1965|title=Malaysia: Key Area in Southeast Asia|journal=Council on Foreign Relations|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|volume=43|issue=4|pages=659–670|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20039130}}</ref> These communist terrorist attacks reached their apex in 1951, although the attacks were described as a "wave of desperation".<ref name="Randall D. Law 2">Randall D. Law page 192</ref> In 1949 over seven hundred people died from terrorist actions, and during 1950/51 casualty's were running at an estimated 100 law enforcement officers and 90 non-combatants a month being killed.<ref name="Randall D. Law 3">Randall D. Law page 193</ref>

==State actions described as terrorism==
The [[Cambodian genocide]] committed by the [[Khmer Rouge]], which led to the deaths of an estimated 1.7 million to 2.5 million people has been described as an act of terrorism by Joseph S. Tuman.<ref name="Tuman,Joseph S.">Tuman pp180</ref>

Valentino has put an estimated death toll between the years 1927-1949 of 1,800,000 to 3,500,000 on terrorist actions carried out during the [[Chinese Civil War]].<ref name="Valentino, Benjamin A.">Valentino p88</ref>

==See also==
* [[Revolutionary terror]]
* [[Terrorism and the Soviet Union]]
* [[List of designated terrorist organizations]]
* [[Left-wing terrorism]]

==References==
{{reflist|2|colwidth=35em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|2}}
* C. J. M. Drake. Terrorists' target selection. Palgrave Macmillan. 5 February 2003. ISBN 978-0312211974
* David C. Wills. The First War on Terrorism: Counter-terrorism Policy During the Reagan Administration. Rowman & Littlefield 28 August 2003. ISBN 978-0742531291
* Brian Crozier. Political victory: the elusive prize of military wars. Transaction Publishers 31 May 2005. ISBN 978-0765802903
* Conway John S.''The Nazi Persecution of the Churches, 1933-1945'' Regent College Publishing. 1 April 2001. ISBN 978-1573830805
* Gadberry, Glen W. ''Theatre in the Third Reich, the prewar years: essays on theatre in Nazi Germany'' Greenwood. 30 March 1995. ISBN 978-0313295164
* Weinberg, Leonard. Political parties and terrorist groups. 2nd Revised Edition. 6 November 2008. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415775366
* Enders Walter. Sandler Todd. ''The political economy of terrorism'' November 14, 2005. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521851008
* Alexander Yonah. Europe's red terrorists: the fighting communist organizations. October 1, 1992. Routledge. ISBN 978-0714634883
* Paoletti, Ciro (30 December 2007). A military history of Italy. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0275985059.
* Harmon, Christopher C. ''Terrorism Today'' Routledge 2nd edition. 18 Octtober 2007. ISBN 978-0415773003
* Carol Winkler. ''In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post-World.'' [[State University of New York Press]] Illustrated edition. 3 November 2005. ISBN 978-0791466179
* Nghia M. Vo. ''The bamboo gulag: political imprisonment in communist Vietnam.'' [[McFarland & Company]] 31 December 2003. ISBN 978-0786417148
* [[Michael Lee Lanning]], [[Dan Cragg]]. ''Inside the VC and the NVA: the real story of North Vietnam's armed forces.'' 1st edition. [[Texas A & M University Press]] 15 August 2008. ISBN 978-1603440592
* T. Louise Brown, ''War and aftermath in Vietnam.'' Routledge. 2 May 1991. ISBN 978-0415014038
* Bernadette Rigal-Cellard. ''La guerre du Vietnam et la société américaine.'' Presses universitaires de Bordeaux. 1991. ISBN 978-2867811227
* Leonard Weinberg & William L. Eubank, ''Twenty-First Century Insurgents: Understanding the Use of Terrorism as a Strategy'', in: ''Countering Terrorism and Insurgency in the 21st Century'', Forest, James J. F., Ed. Praeger 6/30/2007 ISBN 978-0-275-99034-3
* Christopher Lawrence Zugger. The forgotten: Catholics of the Soviet empire from Lenin through Stalin. Syracuse University Press. 31 May 2001. ISBN 978-0815606796
* Kenton J. Clymer. The United States and Cambodia, 1969-2000: a troubled relationship. Routledge. 1st edition. 11 March 2004. ISBN 978-0415326025
* Gérard Chaliand, Arnaud Blin. The history of terrorism: from antiquity to al Qaeda. University of California Press. 1st edition. 13 July 2007. ISBN 978-0520247093
* Pedahzur, Ami. ''Root causes of suicide terrorism: the globalization of martyrdom'' Taylor & Francis. 22 June 2006. ISBN 978-0415770293
* Valentino, Benjamin A. ''Final solutions: mass killing and genocide in the twentieth century'' Cornell University Press. December 8, 2005. ISBN 978-0801472732
* Charles A. Krohn. ''The lost battalion of Tet: breakout of the 2/12th Cavalry at Hue''. Naval Institute Press Rev. Pbk. edition. 15 February 2008. ISBN 978-1591144342
* Winkler, Carol. ''In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post-World War II''. SUNY Press, 2006. ISBN 0791466175
* Fueredi, Frank. ''Colonial wars and the politics of Third World nationalism'' I.B.Tauris, 1994. ISBN 185043784X
* Freeman, James M. ''Hearts of Sorrow: Vietnamese-American Lives'' Stanford University Press. 30 April 1991. ISBN 978-0804718905
* Cox, Dan G. Falconer, John. Stackhouse, Brian. ''Terrorism, instability, and democracy in Asia and Africa'' Northeastern University Press. 15 April 2009. ISBN 978-1555537050
* Geifman, Anna. ''Thou shalt kill: revolutionary terrorism in Russia, 1894-1917'' Princeton University Press. 11 December 1995. ISBN 978-0691025490
* Mockaitis, Thomas R. ''The "new" terrorism: myths and reality'' Stanford University Press. 15 June 2008. ISBN 978-0804759700
* Crenshaw, Martha. Pimlott, John. ''Encyclopedia of world terrorism'' V3 Sharpe. 1996. ISBN 978-1563248061
* Windrich, Elaine.(Editor) ''The Rhodesian problem: a documentary record, 1923-1973'' Routledge. 1st Edition. 13 Mar 1975. ISBN 978-0710080806
* Slocum, John David. ''Terrorism, media, liberation'' Rutgers University Press. 31 July 2005. ISBN 978-0813536088
* Tuman,Joseph S. ''Communicating Terror: The Rhetorical Dimensions of Terrorism'' Sage. 12 January 2010. ISBN 978-1412973243
* Dommen Arthur J. ''The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam'' Indiana University Press. 1 January 2002. ISBN 978-0253338549
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Communist Terrorism}}
[[Category:Communism]]
[[Category:Terrorism by form]]
[[Category:Terrorism]]

[[bg:Ляв тероризъм]]
[[ka:კომუნისტური ტერორიზმი]]
[[ru:Левый терроризм]]

Revision as of 19:45, 28 April 2011

Malayan Emergency

Main article: Malayan Emergency

In 1948, the Malayan Communist Party, which had been the most effective organizer of anti-Japanese resistance in the British colonial possession Malaya during the World War II,[1] started an anti-colonial guerrilla war, known as the "Malayan emergency". The insurgents, which were hastily assembled under the name of Malayan National Liberation Army started the campaign of violence in support of labor disputes,[1] and eventually to seize a power in Malaya.[1] The insurgents were labeled at first as "banditry" then later as "Communist terrorism" in British propaganda[2][3] to deny the partisans' political legitimacy, to locate the Malayan Emergency in a broader context of the Cold War[4] and to preserve a British business interests in Malaya, which would be heavily affected had the British administration conceded that they faced a full scale anti colonial insurgency.[5] The British authorities started a 'counter-terror' campaign that, as a result of poor preparedness of the authorities for the Emergency, initially lead to casualties among innocent civilians, with destruction of whole villages, population transfers, detainment and mass deportations.[1] After 1949, when the Communist attempts to seize power failed, the insurgents withdrew to jungles and prepared for a prolonged war, launching the campaign of widespread small-scale attacks and sabotage to disrupt Malaya’s rubber exports, thereby weakening the colony's value to Britain.[1] The communist terrorist attacks reached their apex in 1951, although the attacks were described as a "wave of desperation".[6] In 1949 over seven hundred people died from terrorist actions, and during 1950/51 casualty's were running at an estimated 100 law enforcement officers and 90 non-combatants a month being killed.[7] By 1957, the British anti-insurgent measures (the "Briggs Plan"), which included a careful control of densely populated areas, breaking the Communist resistance in these areas, pushing them to jungles, separating them from the sources of food and information supply, and eventually forcing them to attack the British forces on their own territory, had been crowned to a success that the uprising was essentially suppressed.[1]

  1. ^ a b c d e f Karl Hack, The Malayan Emergency as Counter-Insurgency Paradigm, Journal of Strategic Studies, 2009, 32: 3, p. 383-414.
  2. ^ Phillip Deery. The Terminology of Terrorism: Malaya, 1948–52. Journal of Southeast Asia Studies, Vol. 34, No. 2 (June 2003), pp. 231–247.
  3. ^ L Yew. Managing plurality: the politics of the periphery in early cold war Singapore. International Journal of Asian Studies, 2010, p. 159-177
  4. ^ Anthony J. Stockwell, A widespread and long-concocted plot to overthrow government in Malaya? The origins of the Malayan Emergency. Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 21, 3 (1993): 79-80.
  5. ^ Nicholas J. White Capitalism and Counter-Insurgency? Business and Government in the Malayan Emergency, 1948-57 Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Feb., 1998), pp. 149-177
  6. ^ Randall D. Law page 192
  7. ^ Randall D. Law page 193
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