Einsteinium: Difference between revisions
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'''Einsteinium''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|/ˌʌɪnˈstʌɪniəm/}}) is a [[synthetic element]] in the [[periodic table]] that has the symbol '''Es''' and [[atomic number]] 99. A [[metal]]lic highly [[radioactive]] [[transuranic element]] (7th in the series) in the [[actinide]]s, einsteinium is produced by bombarding [[plutonium]] with [[neutron]]s and was discovered in the debris of the first [[nuclear weapon|hydrogen bomb]] test. It was named after [[Albert Einstein]] and has no known uses. Tracer studies using the [[isotope]] <sup>253</sup>Es show that einsteinium has [[chemistry|chemical]] properties typical of a heavy trivalent, actinide element. |
'''Einsteinium''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|/ˌʌɪnˈstʌɪniəm/}}) is a [[synthetic element]] in the [[periodic table]] that has the symbol '''Es''' and [[atomic number]] 99. A [[metal]]lic highly [[radioactive]] [[transuranic element]] (7th in the series) in the [[actinide]]s, einsteinium is produced by bombarding [[plutonium]] with [[neutron]]s and was discovered in the debris of the first [[nuclear weapon|hydrogen bomb]] test. It was named after [[Albert Einstein]] and has no known uses. Tracer studies using the [[isotope]] <sup>253</sup>Es show that einsteinium has [[chemistry|chemical]] properties typical of a heavy trivalent, actinide element. |
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== History == |
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Einsteinium was [[discovery of the chemical elements|first identified]] in December [[1952]] by [[Albert Ghiorso]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] and another team headed by [[G.R. Choppin]] at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]. Both were examining debris from the first [[nuclear weapon|hydrogen bomb]] test of November [[1952]] (see [[Operation Ivy]]). They discovered the [[isotope]] <sup>253</sup>Es ([[half-life]] 20.5 days) that was made by the [[nuclear fusion]] of 15 [[neutron]]s with <sup>238</sup>[[uranium|U]] (which then went through seven [[beta decay]]s). These findings were kept secret until [[1955]] due to [[Cold War]] tensions, however. |
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== Headline text == |
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In [[1961]], enough einsteinium was synthesized to prepare a macroscopic amount of <sup>253</sup>Es. This sample weighed about 0.01 mg and was measured using a special balance. The material produced was used to produce [[mendelevium]]. Further einsteinium has been produced at the [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]]'s [[High Flux Isotope Reactor]] in [[Tennessee]] by bombarding <sup>239</sup>[[plutonium|Pu]] with [[neutron]]s. Around 3 mg was created over a four year program of irradiation and then chemical separation from a starting 1 kg of plutonium isotope. |
In [[1961]], enough einsteinium was synthesized to prepare a macroscopic amount of <sup>253</sup>Es. This sample weighed about 0.01 mg and was measured using a special balance. The material produced was used to produce [[mendelevium]]. Further einsteinium has been produced at the [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]]'s [[High Flux Isotope Reactor]] in [[Tennessee]] by bombarding <sup>239</sup>[[plutonium|Pu]] with [[neutron]]s. Around 3 mg was created over a four year program of irradiation and then chemical separation from a starting 1 kg of plutonium isotope. |
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Revision as of 02:22, 28 December 2006
Template:Elementbox header Template:Elementbox series Template:Elementbox periodblock Template:Elementbox appearance Template:Elementbox atomicmass gpm Template:Elementbox econfig Template:Elementbox epershell Template:Elementbox section physicalprop Template:Elementbox phase Template:Elementbox density gpcm3nrt Template:Elementbox meltingpoint Template:Elementbox section atomicprop Template:Elementbox electroneg pauling Template:Elementbox ionizationenergies1 Template:Elementbox section miscellaneous Template:Elementbox magnetic Template:Elementbox cas number Template:Elementbox isotopes begin |- ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;" | 252Es | rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" | syn | rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;" | 471.7 d | α | style="text-align:right;" | 248Bk |- | ε | style="text-align:right;" | 252Cf |- | β- | style="text-align:right;" | 252Fm |- ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;" | 253Es | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" | syn | rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;" | 20.47 d | SF | style="text-align:right;" | - |- | α | style="text-align:right;" | 249Bk |- ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;" | 254Es | rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" | syn | rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;" | 275.7 d | ε | style="text-align:right;" | 254Cf |- | β- | style="text-align:right;" | 254Fm |- | α | style="text-align:right;" | 250Bk |- ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;" | 255Es | rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" | syn | rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;" | 39.8 d | β- | style="text-align:right;" | 255Fm |- | α | style="text-align:right;" | 251Bk |- | SF | style="text-align:right;" | - Template:Elementbox isotopes end Template:Elementbox footer
Einsteinium (IPA: /ˌʌɪnˈstʌɪniəm/) is a synthetic element in the periodic table that has the symbol Es and atomic number 99. A metallic highly radioactive transuranic element (7th in the series) in the actinides, einsteinium is produced by bombarding plutonium with neutrons and was discovered in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb test. It was named after Albert Einstein and has no known uses. Tracer studies using the isotope 253Es show that einsteinium has chemical properties typical of a heavy trivalent, actinide element.
History
Einsteinium was first identified in December 1952 by Albert Ghiorso at the University of California, Berkeley and another team headed by G.R. Choppin at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Both were examining debris from the first hydrogen bomb test of November 1952 (see Operation Ivy). They discovered the isotope 253Es (half-life 20.5 days) that was made by the nuclear fusion of 15 neutrons with 238U (which then went through seven beta decays). These findings were kept secret until 1955 due to Cold War tensions, however.
In 1961, enough einsteinium was synthesized to prepare a macroscopic amount of 253Es. This sample weighed about 0.01 mg and was measured using a special balance. The material produced was used to produce mendelevium. Further einsteinium has been produced at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's High Flux Isotope Reactor in Tennessee by bombarding 239Pu with neutrons. Around 3 mg was created over a four year program of irradiation and then chemical separation from a starting 1 kg of plutonium isotope.
Isotopes
19 radioisotopes of einsteinium have been characterized, with the most stable being 252Es with a half-life of 471.7 days, 254Es with a half-life of 275.7 days, 255Es with a half-life of 39.8 days, and 253Es with a half-life of 20.47 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 40 hours, and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 30 minutes. This element also has 3 meta states, with the most stable being 254mEs (t½ 39.3 hours). The isotopes of einsteinium range in atomic mass from 240.069 u (240Es) to 258.100 u (258Es).
Known Compounds
- EsBr2 einsteinium(II) bromide
- EsBr3 einsteinium(III) bromide
- EsCl2 einsteinium(II) chloride
- Es2O3 einsteinium(III) oxide
References
- Los Alamos National Laboratory - Einsteinium
- Guide to the Elements - Revised Edition, Albert Stwertka, (Oxford University Press; 1998) ISBN 0-19-508083-1
- It's Elemental - Einsteinium
External links
- WebElements.com - Einsteinium (also used as a reference)