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"Enclave law" (Hebrew: משפט המובלעות) or "enclave-based justice",^[1] or Israeli civil law in Israeli controlled portions of the West Bank,^[2]^[3] is the system of legislation applied to Israeli settlements and Israeli civilians in Area C of the West Bank. Some provisions are applied on a personal basis, such that it applies to Israeli residents rather than territory. Application of the laws is considered to have created "enclaves" of Israeli law in the Israeli-occupied territories.^[4]^[5]

In parallel, other portions of Israeli law, including Israeli criminal law, are applied extraterritorially on a personal basis to Israelis in the West Bank.^[4]

Since January 2018, all proposed Israeli legislation in the Knesset is actively considered vis a vis its application to the settlements.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Implementation in practice

Territorial aspects of "enclave law" are implemented via a method called "pipelining".^[4] Under this method, Israeli military laws, which constitute the primary legislation in the West Bank, apply Israeli laws specifically to the jurisdictions of the Israeli settlement local councils.^[4] This method is used to give Israeli ministries, such as the Israeli Ministry of Education and Israeli Health Ministry, jurisdiction over public facilities such as schools and hospitals in the territories.^[4]

Dual legal system

As a consequence "enclave law", Israeli settlers are subject to large portions of Israeli civil law whereas Palestinians are subject to a combination of Israeli military law and some local laws based on Jordanian law.^[9]^[4] In 1989 Eyal Benvenisti described how "through extensive military legislation, exterritorial application of Israeli legislation and Israeli court rulings" the border between Israel and the West Bank was no longer relevant for "almost all legal purposes that reflect Israeli interests", but the same was not true for the Palestinian population, especially with respect to civil rights.^[10]^[11]

The Israeli laws are applicable to Israeli citizens living in the West Bank are often administrative in nature, and include taxation, product supervision, national insurance,^[5] education, welfare, health, work, personal status,^[12] but excludes laws relating directly to the territory itself such as land and planning laws.^[5] The Supreme Court of Israel has ruled that labour laws applied in this way also apply to those Palestinian workers in Israeli settlements due to the "significant linkages" test and the principle of equality within the settlements.^[5]

In November 2014, a bill to require all Israeli legislation to consider their application to Israeli settlements was approved by the cabinet but opposed by Attorney General Yehuda Weinstein.^[13] In May 2016, the initiative was relaunched by Ayelet Shaked.^[14]

In January 2018, the Knesset House Committee agreed to instruct legal advisors to discuss every new Knesset bill's application to West Bank settlements during the legislative process.^[6]^[7] This was followed, a few weeks later, by the first ever Knesset deliberation of the application of proposed laws to the West Bank settlements.^[8]

In June 2018, Israeli newspaper Haaretz described the continued application of Knesset laws to West Bank settlements as "a creeping legal annexation of the occupied territories", stating that it considers the strategy will be counterproductive in that it will "no longer be possible to launder Israeli reality".^[15]^{[original research?]}

Terminology

Origin of the term

The term was coined in 1988 by Amnon Rubinstein,^[16] an Israeli scholar of constitutional law.^[17] Rubinstein noted regarding the legal system for the West Bank, that:

once perceived as an 'escrow' under the rules of international law – that is as a trust – they have become a 'legal mongrel' and have gradually been incorporated in practice into the realm of Israel's rule.^[18]

In a 2009 report authored by Virginia Tilley, the South African Human Sciences Research Council wrote that "The outcome of the extraterritorial application of Israeli legislation on a personal basis, combined with the enclave law as described above, is that a settler lives within the framework of the West Bank law only in a very partial way".^[19] The report then quoted Rubinstein's 1986 Hebrew work:

A resident of Ma’ale Adumim, for instance, is supposedly subject to the Military Government and to the local Jordanian law, but in fact he lives according to the laws of Israel both with respect to his personal law and with respect to the local municipality wherein he lives. The Military Government is nothing more than a symbol, through which Israeli law and governance operate.^[19]

The term has been reported by Haaretz legal analyst Moshe Gorali^[20] to be an alternative to the term "apartheid".^[21]^[22]^[23]

Use of the term in Israeli courts

The concept has been described numerous times in Israeli courts.^[24] Examples include a 2004 case, Yinon Food Manufacturing and Marketing Ltd v. Qaraan, with respect to a dispute between a Palestinian and their Israeli-settlement-based employer,^[a] a 2006 Supreme Court case, Peace Now S.A.L. Educational Enterprises v. Supervisor of the Jewish Settlements in Judea and Samaria, summarized by Elyakim Rubinstein,^[b] and a 2007 Supreme Court case, Kav LaOved v. Jerusalem Labor Court, summarized by Eliezer Rivlin.^[c]

Notes

^ The court noted: “The legal character, from the point of view of internal Israeli law, of the Israeli settlement as an 'enclave' – which is not de facto subject to the law applying in that territory – is what renders the connection between the delict and the country whose law would normally have been the law of the place of its perpetration – to coincidental.”^[25]
^ Rubinstein noted that: “The 'enclaves' are a sort of 'islands' to which Israeli laws were applied by legal means, under the assumption that there is no real difference between the law applying in Israel and the one that should apply in these enclaves... The matter at hand concerns Israeli citizens, and the assumption is that the gist of their lives should be as close as possible to that of the rest of Israeli citizens.”^[26]
^ Rivlin noted that: “The Israeli residents living in the West Bank are subject to extensive parts of Israeli law, in addition to special legislation by the military commander that applies solely to the Israeli residents. The Palestinian residents living in the very same territories are subject to Jordanian law and to legislation by the military governor that applies to them [...] This outcome creates a regime in which different sets of laws apply in one territory.”^[27] Rivlin went on to describe the "enclave law" as follows: “The law is different regarding Israeli residents in the occupied territories. For them, there is a separate legislative layer, known as the "Enclave Law", which includes internal Israeli legislation that has been applied personally to Israeli citizens or to persons entitled to be Israeli citizens and living in the territories only.”^[28]

References

^ ACRI 2014, p. 21.
^ Is a New Israeli Bill Creeping Annexation of West Bank?, Yonah Jeremy Bob, Jerusalem Post, 5 September 2017
^ Fearing International Ire, Netanyahu Blocks Annexation – but Promotes Applying Israeli Laws to Settlements, Haaretz, Jonathan Lis, 17 February 2018
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Orna Ben-Naftali; Michael Sfard; Hedi Viterbo (10 May 2018). The ABC of the OPT: A Legal Lexicon of the Israeli Control over the Occupied Palestinian Territory. Cambridge University Press. pp. 52–. ISBN 978-1-107-15652-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gilead Sher, The Application of Israeli Law to the West Bank: De Facto Annexation?, INSS Insight No. 638, December 4, 2014
^ ^a ^b Jerusalem Post, [https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Knesset-committees-to-discuss-applying-new-laws-to-West-Bank-532717 Knesset Committees to Discuss Applying New Laws to West Bank, 3 January 2018: "Legislative committees will be instructed to discuss each new bill’s application to the West Bank, the Knesset House Committee decided on Wednesday... House Committee chairman Yoav Kisch (Likud) originally proposed a change to the Knesset rules that would require committees to discuss how to apply each bill to the West Bank, whether in the text of the law or through a military order. Knesset Legal Adviser Eyal Yinon suggested that he instruct committee legal advisers to hold such discussions, instead of changing Knesset regulations, and the House Committee accepted the idea."
^ ^a ^b Arutz Sheva, Shaked: We'll remain in Judea & Samaria for another 5,000 years, 3 January 2018: "The Knesset House Committee today discussed the interaction between the Knesset and Israeli citizens in Judea and Samaria, against the background of Justice Minister Ayelet Shaked's directive that any new government legislation would require reference to Judea and Samaria."
^ ^a ^b Israeli Ministers Deliberate on Applying 12 Bills to West Bank Settlements; Justice Minister Ayelet Shaked calls move the correction of an injustice 'that has lasted for 50 years'
^ John Ehrenberg; Yoav Peled (29 July 2016). Israel and Palestine: Alternative Perspectives on Statehood. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 192–. ISBN 978-1-4422-4508-2.
^ ACRI 2014, p. 6: footnote to "enclave-based justice."
^ Benveniśtî, Eyāl (1990). Legal dualism: the absorption of the occupied territories into Israel. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-7983-8. As this paper will show, the pre-June 1967 borders have faded for almost all legal purposes that reflect Israeli interests. However, with regard to the interests of the local population, especially those concerning civil rights, those borders still exist.
^ אבירם, אמיתי, [1]שיערוך כספים המוחזרים על-ידי רשויות ציבוריות באזור יהודה והשומרון.: ‎בכך הרחיב המחוקק בצורה עקיפה את תחולת האיסור הקבוע בחוק על האזורים. זאת ועוד, בעבר הוחלו הוראות חוק ישראליות שונות, דרכה של תחיקת הביטחון החלה באזורים, בשטחן של הרשויות המקומיות הישראליות באזורים )החלה זו יצרה את התופעה המכונה "משפט המובלעות"(. יודגש כי החוקים הישראליים שהוחלו בדרך זו הינם בעלי צביון פרסונלי מובהק )דוגמת נושאי חינוך, רווחה, בריאות, עבודה, מעמד אישי וכיו"ב עניינים( ולא בעלי צביון טריטוריאלי-קרקעי
^ Times of Israel, three articles on 9 November 2014:
* Bill would require IDF to copy Israeli civil law for settlements
* Ministers back bill forcing army to extend civil law to settlements
* MKs charge ‘civil law’ bill will lead to settlement annexation
^ Times of Israel, Plan to apply Israeli law in West Bank: Equal rights or ‘creeping annexation’?
^ Haaretz lead editorial, 1 June 2018, Editorial: The Knesset Wants Apartheid. The current Knesset is carrying out a creeping annexation of the occupied territories, applying more and more laws to the West Bank while erasing the Green Line
^ Michael Sfard (23 January 2018). The Wall and the Gate: Israel, Palestine, and the Legal Battle for Human Rights. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 126–. ISBN 978-1-250-12271-1.
^ Orna Ben-Naftali (13 January 2011). International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law. OUP Oxford. pp. 148–. ISBN 978-0-19-100160-4.
^ Aeyal Gross (6 April 2017). The Writing on the Wall: Rethinking the International Law of Occupation. Cambridge University Press. pp. 176–. ISBN 978-1-107-14596-2.
^ ^a ^b Occupation, colonialism, apartheid?: a re-assessment of Israel's practices in the occupied Palestinian territories under international law, 2009, pages 108-109
^ Ageel, Ghada (12 February 2016). Apartheid in Palestine: Hard Laws and Harder Experiences. University of Alberta Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-77212-101-8.
^ Cook, Jonathan (4 April 2013). Disappearing Palestine: Israel's Experiments in Human Despair. Zed Books Ltd. pp. 46–. ISBN 978-1-84813-649-6.
^ Halper, Jeff (20 February 2008). An Israeli in Palestine: resisting dispossession, redeeming Israel. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-2227-8.
^ Moshe Gorali, 25 September 2003, Legality Is in the Eye of the Beholder, Haaretz: "To describe a situation where two populations, in this case one Jewish and the other Arab, share the same territory but are governed by two separate legal systems, the international community customarily uses the term "apartheid." Prof. Amnon Rubinstein has coined an alternative phrase, "enclave-based justice.""
^ ACRI 2014, p. 5-25.
^ ACRI 2014, p. 24: CA 1432/02 Yinon Food Manufacturing and Marketing Ltd v. Qaraan, PD 59(1) 345 (2004)
^ ACRI 2014, p. 22: HCJ 10104/04 Peace Now S.A.L. Educational Enterprises v. Supervisor of the Jewish Settlements in Judea and Samaria 61(2) 93 (2006)
^ ACRI 2014, p. 5: HCJ 5666/03 Kav LaOved v. Jerusalem Labor Court, 62(3)
^ HCJ 5666/03 Kav LaOved v. Jerusalem Labor Court, 62(3), quote in original Hebrew: " ‎שונה הדין באשר לתושבים הישראלים בשטחים המוחזקים. לגביהם, מתקיים רובד חקיקתי נפרד, המוכר בכינוי "משפט המובלעות", ואשר כולל חקיקה ישראלית פנימית שהוחלה באופן אישי על אזרחים ישראלים או על מי שזכאים להיות אזרחים ישראלים ומתגוררים בשטחים בלבד."

[26] The court noted: “The legal character, from the point of view of internal Israeli law, of the Israeli settlement as an 'enclave' – which is not de facto subject to the law applying in that territory – is what renders the connection between the delict and the country whose law would normally have been the law of the place of its perpetration – to coincidental.”^[25]

[28] Rubinstein noted that: “The 'enclaves' are a sort of 'islands' to which Israeli laws were applied by legal means, under the assumption that there is no real difference between the law applying in Israel and the one that should apply in these enclaves... The matter at hand concerns Israeli citizens, and the assumption is that the gist of their lives should be as close as possible to that of the rest of Israeli citizens.”^[26]

[31] Rivlin noted that: “The Israeli residents living in the West Bank are subject to extensive parts of Israeli law, in addition to special legislation by the military commander that applies solely to the Israeli residents. The Palestinian residents living in the very same territories are subject to Jordanian law and to legislation by the military governor that applies to them [...] This outcome creates a regime in which different sets of laws apply in one territory.”^[27] Rivlin went on to describe the "enclave law" as follows: “The law is different regarding Israeli residents in the occupied territories. For them, there is a separate legislative layer, known as the "Enclave Law", which includes internal Israeli legislation that has been applied personally to Israeli citizens or to persons entitled to be Israeli citizens and living in the territories only.”^[28]

[FOOTNOTEACRI201421-1] ACRI 2014, p. 21.

[2] Is a New Israeli Bill Creeping Annexation of West Bank?, Yonah Jeremy Bob, Jerusalem Post, 5 September 2017

[3] Fearing International Ire, Netanyahu Blocks Annexation – but Promotes Applying Israeli Laws to Settlements, Haaretz, Jonathan Lis, 17 February 2018

[Ben-NaftaliSfard2018-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Orna Ben-Naftali; Michael Sfard; Hedi Viterbo (10 May 2018). The ABC of the OPT: A Legal Lexicon of the Israeli Control over the Occupied Palestinian Territory. Cambridge University Press. pp. 52–. ISBN 978-1-107-15652-4.

[Sher-5] Gilead Sher, The Application of Israeli Law to the West Bank: De Facto Annexation?, INSS Insight No. 638, December 4, 2014

[Jan18JP-6] Jerusalem Post, [https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Knesset-committees-to-discuss-applying-new-laws-to-West-Bank-532717 Knesset Committees to Discuss Applying New Laws to West Bank, 3 January 2018: "Legislative committees will be instructed to discuss each new bill’s application to the West Bank, the Knesset House Committee decided on Wednesday... House Committee chairman Yoav Kisch (Likud) originally proposed a change to the Knesset rules that would require committees to discuss how to apply each bill to the West Bank, whether in the text of the law or through a military order. Knesset Legal Adviser Eyal Yinon suggested that he instruct committee legal advisers to hold such discussions, instead of changing Knesset regulations, and the House Committee accepted the idea."

[Jan18AS-7] Arutz Sheva, Shaked: We'll remain in Judea & Samaria for another 5,000 years, 3 January 2018: "The Knesset House Committee today discussed the interaction between the Knesset and Israeli citizens in Judea and Samaria, against the background of Justice Minister Ayelet Shaked's directive that any new government legislation would require reference to Judea and Samaria."

[Jan18H-8] Israeli Ministers Deliberate on Applying 12 Bills to West Bank Settlements; Justice Minister Ayelet Shaked calls move the correction of an injustice 'that has lasted for 50 years'

[EhrenbergPeled2016-9] John Ehrenberg; Yoav Peled (29 July 2016). Israel and Palestine: Alternative Perspectives on Statehood. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 192–. ISBN 978-1-4422-4508-2.

[FOOTNOTEACRI20146-10] ACRI 2014, p. 6: footnote to "enclave-based justice."

[Benveniśtî1990-11] Benveniśtî, Eyāl (1990). Legal dualism: the absorption of the occupied territories into Israel. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-7983-8. As this paper will show, the pre-June 1967 borders have faded for almost all legal purposes that reflect Israeli interests. However, with regard to the interests of the local population, especially those concerning civil rights, those borders still exist.

[12] אבירם, אמיתי, [1]שיערוך כספים המוחזרים על-ידי רשויות ציבוריות באזור יהודה והשומרון.: ‎בכך הרחיב המחוקק בצורה עקיפה את תחולת האיסור הקבוע בחוק על האזורים. זאת ועוד, בעבר הוחלו הוראות חוק ישראליות שונות, דרכה של תחיקת הביטחון החלה באזורים, בשטחן של הרשויות המקומיות הישראליות באזורים )החלה זו יצרה את התופעה המכונה "משפט המובלעות"(. יודגש כי החוקים הישראליים שהוחלו בדרך זו הינם בעלי צביון פרסונלי מובהק )דוגמת נושאי חינוך, רווחה, בריאות, עבודה, מעמד אישי וכיו"ב עניינים( ולא בעלי צביון טריטוריאלי-קרקעי

[Nov2014-13] Times of Israel, three articles on 9 November 2014:
* Bill would require IDF to copy Israeli civil law for settlements
* Ministers back bill forcing army to extend civil law to settlements
* MKs charge ‘civil law’ bill will lead to settlement annexation

[TOI2016-14] Times of Israel, Plan to apply Israeli law in West Bank: Equal rights or ‘creeping annexation’?

[15] Haaretz lead editorial, 1 June 2018, Editorial: The Knesset Wants Apartheid. The current Knesset is carrying out a creeping annexation of the occupied territories, applying more and more laws to the West Bank while erasing the Green Line

[Sfard2018-16] Michael Sfard (23 January 2018). The Wall and the Gate: Israel, Palestine, and the Legal Battle for Human Rights. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 126–. ISBN 978-1-250-12271-1.

[Ben-Naftali2011-17] Orna Ben-Naftali (13 January 2011). International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law. OUP Oxford. pp. 148–. ISBN 978-0-19-100160-4.

[Gross2017-18] Aeyal Gross (6 April 2017). The Writing on the Wall: Rethinking the International Law of Occupation. Cambridge University Press. pp. 176–. ISBN 978-1-107-14596-2.

[HSRC-19] Occupation, colonialism, apartheid?: a re-assessment of Israel's practices in the occupied Palestinian territories under international law, 2009, pages 108-109

[Ageel2016-20] Ageel, Ghada (12 February 2016). Apartheid in Palestine: Hard Laws and Harder Experiences. University of Alberta Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-77212-101-8.

[Cook2013-21] Cook, Jonathan (4 April 2013). Disappearing Palestine: Israel's Experiments in Human Despair. Zed Books Ltd. pp. 46–. ISBN 978-1-84813-649-6.

[Halper2008-22] Halper, Jeff (20 February 2008). An Israeli in Palestine: resisting dispossession, redeeming Israel. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-2227-8.

[23] Moshe Gorali, 25 September 2003, Legality Is in the Eye of the Beholder, Haaretz: "To describe a situation where two populations, in this case one Jewish and the other Arab, share the same territory but are governed by two separate legal systems, the international community customarily uses the term "apartheid." Prof. Amnon Rubinstein has coined an alternative phrase, "enclave-based justice.""

[FOOTNOTEACRI20145-25-24] ACRI 2014, p. 5-25.

[FOOTNOTEACRI201424-25] ACRI 2014, p. 24: CA 1432/02 Yinon Food Manufacturing and Marketing Ltd v. Qaraan, PD 59(1) 345 (2004)

[FOOTNOTEACRI201422-27] ACRI 2014, p. 22: HCJ 10104/04 Peace Now S.A.L. Educational Enterprises v. Supervisor of the Jewish Settlements in Judea and Samaria 61(2) 93 (2006)

[FOOTNOTEACRI20145-29] ACRI 2014, p. 5: HCJ 5666/03 Kav LaOved v. Jerusalem Labor Court, 62(3)

[30] HCJ 5666/03 Kav LaOved v. Jerusalem Labor Court, 62(3), quote in original Hebrew: " ‎שונה הדין באשר לתושבים הישראלים בשטחים המוחזקים. לגביהם, מתקיים רובד חקיקתי נפרד, המוכר בכינוי "משפט המובלעות", ואשר כולל חקיקה ישראלית פנימית שהוחלה באופן אישי על אזרחים ישראלים או על מי שזכאים להיות אזרחים ישראלים ומתגוררים בשטחים בלבד."

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{For|the US Federal Enclave Law|Federal enclave}}
-'''"Enclave law"''' ({{lang-he|משפט המובלעות}}) or '''"enclave-based justice"''',{{sfn|ACRI|2014|p=21}} is the system of legislation applied to [[Israeli settlements]] and Israeli civilians in [[Area C (West Bank)|Area C]] of the [[West Bank]]. Some provisions are applied on a [[Private law|personal basis]], such that it applies to Israeli residents rather than territory. Application of the laws is considered to have created "[[Enclave and exclave|enclave]]s" of Israeli law in the [[Israeli-occupied territories]].<ref name="Ben-NaftaliSfard2018">{{cite book|author1=Orna Ben-Naftali|author2=Michael Sfard|author3=Hedi Viterbo|title=The ABC of the OPT: A Legal Lexicon of the Israeli Control over the Occupied Palestinian Territory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Is5TDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|date=10 May 2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-15652-4|pages=52–}}</ref><ref name=Sher>Gilead Sher, [http://www.inss.org.il/publication/the-application-of-israeli-law-to-the-west-bank-de-facto-annexation/ The Application of Israeli Law to the West Bank: De Facto Annexation?], INSS Insight No. 638, December 4, 2014</ref>
+'''"Enclave law"''' ({{lang-he|משפט המובלעות}}) or '''"enclave-based justice"''',{{sfn|ACRI|2014|p=21}} or '''Israeli civil law in Israeli controlled portions of the West Bank''',<ref>[https://m.jpost.com/Israel-News/Politics-And-Diplomacy/Analysis-Israeli-civil-law-for-W-Bank-Israelis-490172 Is a New Israeli Bill Creeping Annexation of West Bank?], Yonah Jeremy Bob, Jerusalem Post, 5 September 2017</ref><ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-pm-blocks-annexation-but-promotes-applying-israeli-law-to-settlements-1.5823069 Fearing International Ire, Netanyahu Blocks Annexation – but Promotes Applying Israeli Laws to Settlements], Haaretz, Jonathan Lis, 17 February 2018</ref> is the system of legislation applied to [[Israeli settlements]] and Israeli civilians in [[Area C (West Bank)|Area C]] of the [[West Bank]]. Some provisions are applied on a [[Private law|personal basis]], such that it applies to Israeli residents rather than territory. Application of the laws is considered to have created "[[Enclave and exclave|enclave]]s" of Israeli law in the [[Israeli-occupied territories]].<ref name="Ben-NaftaliSfard2018">{{cite book|author1=Orna Ben-Naftali|author2=Michael Sfard|author3=Hedi Viterbo|title=The ABC of the OPT: A Legal Lexicon of the Israeli Control over the Occupied Palestinian Territory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Is5TDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|date=10 May 2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-15652-4|pages=52–}}</ref><ref name=Sher>Gilead Sher, [http://www.inss.org.il/publication/the-application-of-israeli-law-to-the-west-bank-de-facto-annexation/ The Application of Israeli Law to the West Bank: De Facto Annexation?], INSS Insight No. 638, December 4, 2014</ref>
 In parallel, other portions of Israeli law, including Israeli [[criminal law]], are applied [[Extraterritoriality|extraterritorially]] on a personal basis to [[Israelis]] in the West Bank.<ref name="Ben-NaftaliSfard2018"/>
+Since January 2018, all proposed Israeli legislation in the Knesset is actively considered vis a vis its application to the settlements.<ref name=Jan18JP/><ref name=Jan18AS/><ref name=Jan18H/>
 ==Implementation in practice==
@@ Line 8: / Line 10: @@
 ==Dual legal system==
-As a consequence "enclave law", Israeli settlers are subject to large portions of Israeli [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] whereas Palestinians are subject to a combination of Israeli military law and some local laws based on Jordanian law.<ref name="EhrenbergPeled2016">{{cite book|author1=John Ehrenberg|author2=Yoav Peled|title=Israel and Palestine: Alternative Perspectives on Statehood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gc11DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA192|date=29 July 2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-4508-2|pages=192–}}</ref><ref name="Ben-NaftaliSfard2018"/>
+As a consequence "enclave law", Israeli settlers are subject to large portions of Israeli [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] whereas Palestinians are subject to a combination of Israeli military law and some local laws based on Jordanian law.<ref name="EhrenbergPeled2016">{{cite book|author1=John Ehrenberg|author2=Yoav Peled|title=Israel and Palestine: Alternative Perspectives on Statehood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gc11DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA192|date=29 July 2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-4508-2|pages=192–}}</ref><ref name="Ben-NaftaliSfard2018"/> In 1989 [[Eyal Benvenisti]] described how "through extensive military legislation, exterritorial application of Israeli legislation and Israeli court rulings" the [[Green Line (Israel)|border between Israel and the West Bank]] was no longer relevant for "almost all legal purposes that reflect Israeli interests", but the same was not true for the Palestinian population, especially with respect to civil rights.{{sfn|ACRI|2014|p=6|ps=: footnote to "enclave-based justice."}}<ref name="Benveniśtî1990">{{cite book|last=Benveniśtî|first=Eyāl|title=Legal dualism: the absorption of the occupied territories into Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SkOAAAAYAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-7983-8|quote=As this paper will show, the pre-June 1967 borders have faded for almost all legal purposes that reflect Israeli interests. However, with regard to the interests of the local population, especially those concerning civil rights, those borders still exist.}}</ref>
 The Israeli laws are applicable to Israeli citizens living in the West Bank are often administrative in nature, and include taxation, product supervision, national insurance,<ref name=Sher/> education, welfare, health, work, personal status,<ref>אבירם, אמיתי, [https://www.idf.il/media/32480/משפט-וצבא-13.pdf][http://aleph.nli.org.il/F/K8GHS3U39VYRS8S5FB8JBLCT344837BTYEG57MUTU87XDS2TIR-02212?func=find-b&amp=&amp=&amp=&request=000373425&find_code=SYS&local_base=RMB01&pds_handle=GUEST שיערוך כספים המוחזרים על-ידי רשויות ציבוריות באזור יהודה והשומרון.]:
 ‎בכך הרחיב המחוקק בצורה עקיפה את תחולת האיסור הקבוע בחוק על האזורים. זאת ועוד, בעבר הוחלו הוראות חוק ישראליות שונות, דרכה של תחיקת הביטחון החלה באזורים, בשטחן של הרשויות המקומיות הישראליות באזורים )החלה זו יצרה את התופעה המכונה "משפט המובלעות"(. יודגש כי החוקים הישראליים שהוחלו בדרך זו הינם בעלי צביון פרסונלי מובהק )דוגמת נושאי חינוך, רווחה, בריאות, עבודה, מעמד אישי וכיו"ב
 עניינים( ולא בעלי צביון טריטוריאלי-קרקעי</ref> but excludes laws relating directly to the territory itself such as land and planning laws.<ref name=Sher/> The [[Supreme Court of Israel]] has ruled that labour laws applied in this way also apply to those Palestinian workers in Israeli settlements due to the "significant linkages" test and the principle of equality within the settlements.<ref name=Sher/>
+In November 2014, a bill to require all Israeli legislation to consider their application to Israeli settlements was approved by the cabinet but opposed by Attorney General [[Yehuda Weinstein]].<ref name=Nov2014>''[[Times of Israel]]'', three articles on 9 November 2014:<br>* [https://www.timesofisrael.com/bill-would-require-idf-to-copy-israeli-civil-law-for-settlements/ Bill would require IDF to copy Israeli civil law for settlements]<br>* [http://www.timesofisrael.com/pm-allows-free-vote-on-civil-law-bill-for-settlements/?fb_comment_id=805325856225389_806146189476689 Ministers back bill forcing army to extend civil law to settlements]<br>* [https://www.timesofisrael.com/mks-fear-civil-law-bill-may-lead-to-settlement-annexation/ MKs charge ‘civil law’ bill will lead to settlement annexation]</ref> In May 2016, the initiative was relaunched by [[Ayelet Shaked]].<ref name=TOI2016>''[[Times of Israel]]'', [https://www.timesofisrael.com/plan-to-apply-israeli-law-in-west-bank-equal-rights-or-creeping-annexation/ Plan to apply Israeli law in West Bank: Equal rights or ‘creeping annexation’?]</ref>
+In January 2018, the Knesset House Committee agreed to instruct legal advisors to discuss every new Knesset bill's application to West Bank settlements during the legislative process.<ref name=Jan18JP>Jerusalem Post, [https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Knesset-committees-to-discuss-applying-new-laws-to-West-Bank-532717 Knesset Committees to Discuss Applying New Laws to West Bank, 3 January 2018: "Legislative committees will be instructed to discuss each new bill’s application to the West Bank, the Knesset House Committee decided on Wednesday... House Committee chairman Yoav Kisch (Likud) originally proposed a change to the Knesset rules that would require committees to discuss how to apply each bill to the West Bank, whether in the text of the law or through a military order. Knesset Legal Adviser Eyal Yinon suggested that he instruct committee legal advisers to hold such discussions, instead of changing Knesset regulations, and the House Committee accepted the idea."</ref><ref name=Jan18AS>[[Arutz Sheva]], [http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/240206 Shaked: We'll remain in Judea & Samaria for another 5,000 years], 3 January 2018: "The Knesset House Committee today discussed the interaction between the Knesset and Israeli citizens in Judea and Samaria, against the background of Justice Minister Ayelet Shaked's directive that any new government legislation would require reference to Judea and Samaria."</ref> This was followed, a few weeks later, by the first ever Knesset deliberation of the application of proposed laws to the West Bank settlements.<ref name=Jan18H>[https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israeli-ministers-mull-applying-12-proposed-laws-to-settlements-1.5749928 Israeli Ministers Deliberate on Applying 12 Bills to West Bank Settlements; Justice Minister Ayelet Shaked calls move the correction of an injustice 'that has lasted for 50 years']</ref>
+In June 2018, Israeli newspaper ''[[Haaretz]]'' described the continued application of Knesset laws to West Bank settlements as "a creeping legal annexation of the occupied territories", stating that it considers the strategy will be counterproductive in that it will "no longer be possible to launder Israeli reality".<ref>[[Haaretz]] lead editorial, 1 June 2018, [https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/editorial/the-knesset-wants-apartheid-1.6137367 Editorial: The Knesset Wants Apartheid. The current Knesset is carrying out a creeping annexation of the occupied territories, applying more and more laws to the West Bank while erasing the Green Line]</ref>{{Original research inline|date=October 2018}}
 ==Terminology==
@@ Line 22: / Line 30: @@
 <blockquote>A resident of Ma’ale Adumim, for instance, is supposedly subject to the Military Government and to the local Jordanian law, but in fact he lives according to the laws of Israel both with respect to his personal law and with respect to the local municipality wherein he lives. The Military Government is nothing more than a symbol, through which Israeli law and governance operate.<ref name=HSRC/></blockquote>
-The term has been reported by ''[[Haaretz]]'' legal analyst Moshe Gorali<ref name="Ageel2016">{{cite book|last=Ageel|first=Ghada|title=Apartheid in Palestine: Hard Laws and Harder Experiences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SiRzCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT280|date=12 February 2016|publisher=University of Alberta Press|isbn=978-1-77212-101-8|pages=236}}</ref> to be an alternative to the term "[[apartheid]]".<ref name="Cook2013">{{cite book|authorlink=Jonathan Cook|last=Cook|first=Jonathan|title=Disappearing Palestine: Israel's Experiments in Human Despair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5wFjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT46|date=4 April 2013|publisher=Zed Books Ltd.|isbn=978-1-84813-649-6|pages=46–}}</ref><ref name="Halper2008">{{cite book|last=Halper|first=Jeff|authorlink=Jeff Halper|title=An Israeli in Palestine: resisting dispossession, redeeming Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfovAQAAIAAJ|date=20 February 2008|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=978-0-7453-2227-8}}</ref><ref>Moshe Gorali, 25 September 2003, [https://www.haaretz.com/1.4706177 Legality Is in the Eye of the Beholder], Haaretz: "To describe a situation where two populations, in this case one Jewish and the other Arab, share the same territory but are governed by two separate legal systems, the international community customarily uses the term "apartheid." Prof. Amnon Rubinstein has coined an alternative phrase, "enclave-based justice.""</ref>{{Undue weight inline|date=November 2018}}
+The term has been reported by ''[[Haaretz]]'' legal analyst Moshe Gorali<ref name="Ageel2016">{{cite book|last=Ageel|first=Ghada|title=Apartheid in Palestine: Hard Laws and Harder Experiences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SiRzCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT280|date=12 February 2016|publisher=University of Alberta Press|isbn=978-1-77212-101-8|pages=236}}</ref> to be an alternative to the term "[[apartheid]]".<ref name="Cook2013">{{cite book|authorlink=Jonathan Cook|last=Cook|first=Jonathan|title=Disappearing Palestine: Israel's Experiments in Human Despair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5wFjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT46|date=4 April 2013|publisher=Zed Books Ltd.|isbn=978-1-84813-649-6|pages=46–}}</ref><ref name="Halper2008">{{cite book|last=Halper|first=Jeff|authorlink=Jeff Halper|title=An Israeli in Palestine: resisting dispossession, redeeming Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfovAQAAIAAJ|date=20 February 2008|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=978-0-7453-2227-8}}</ref><ref>Moshe Gorali, 25 September 2003, [https://www.haaretz.com/1.4706177 Legality Is in the Eye of the Beholder], Haaretz: "To describe a situation where two populations, in this case one Jewish and the other Arab, share the same territory but are governed by two separate legal systems, the international community customarily uses the term "apartheid." Prof. Amnon Rubinstein has coined an alternative phrase, "enclave-based justice.""</ref>
 ===Use of the term in Israeli courts===
-In a 2004 case, Yinon Food Manufacturing and Marketing Ltd v. Qaraan, with respect to a dispute between a Palestinian and their Israeli-settlement-based employer,{{efn|The court noted: “The legal character, from the point of view of internal Israeli law, of the Israeli settlement as an 'enclave' – which is not de facto subject to the law applying in that territory – is what renders the connection between the delict and the country whose law would normally have been the law of the place of its perpetration – to coincidental.”{{sfn|ACRI|2014|p=24|ps=: CA 1432/02 Yinon Food Manufacturing and Marketing Ltd v. Qaraan, PD 59(1) 345 (2004)}}}} a 2006 Supreme Court case, Peace Now S.A.L. Educational Enterprises v. Supervisor of the Jewish Settlements in Judea and Samaria, summarized by [[Elyakim Rubinstein]],{{efn|Rubinstein noted that: “The 'enclaves' are a sort of 'islands' to which Israeli laws were applied by legal means, under the assumption that there is no real difference between the law applying in Israel and the one that should apply in these enclaves... The matter at hand concerns Israeli citizens, and the assumption is that the gist of their lives should be as close as possible to that of the rest of Israeli citizens.”{{sfn|ACRI|2014|p=22|ps=: HCJ 10104/04 Peace Now S.A.L. Educational Enterprises v. Supervisor of the Jewish Settlements in Judea and Samaria 61(2) 93 (2006)}}}} and a 2007 Supreme Court case, Kav LaOved v. Jerusalem Labor Court, summarized by [[Eliezer Rivlin]].{{efn|Rivlin noted that: “The Israeli residents living in the West Bank are subject to extensive parts of Israeli law, in addition to special legislation by the military commander that applies solely to the Israeli residents. The Palestinian residents living in the very same territories are subject to Jordanian law and to legislation by the military governor that applies to them [...] This outcome creates a regime in which different sets of laws apply in one territory.”{{sfn|ACRI|2014|p=5|ps=: [http://elyon1.court.gov.il/Files/03/660/056/p17/03056660.p17.HTM HCJ 5666/03 Kav LaOved v. Jerusalem Labor Court, 62(3)]}} Rivlin went on to describe the "enclave law" as follows: “The law is different regarding Israeli residents in the occupied territories. For them, there is a separate legislative layer, known as the "Enclave Law", which includes internal Israeli legislation that has been applied personally to Israeli citizens or to persons entitled to be Israeli citizens and living in the territories only.”<ref>[http://elyon1.court.gov.il/Files/03/660/056/p17/03056660.p17.HTM HCJ 5666/03 Kav LaOved v. Jerusalem Labor Court, 62(3)], quote in original Hebrew: "
+The concept has been described numerous times in Israeli courts.{{sfn|ACRI|2014|p=5-25}} Examples include a 2004 case, Yinon Food Manufacturing and Marketing Ltd v. Qaraan, with respect to a dispute between a Palestinian and their Israeli-settlement-based employer,{{efn|The court noted: “The legal character, from the point of view of internal Israeli law, of the Israeli settlement as an 'enclave' – which is not de facto subject to the law applying in that territory – is what renders the connection between the delict and the country whose law would normally have been the law of the place of its perpetration – to coincidental.”{{sfn|ACRI|2014|p=24|ps=: CA 1432/02 Yinon Food Manufacturing and Marketing Ltd v. Qaraan, PD 59(1) 345 (2004)}}}} a 2006 Supreme Court case, Peace Now S.A.L. Educational Enterprises v. Supervisor of the Jewish Settlements in Judea and Samaria, summarized by [[Elyakim Rubinstein]],{{efn|Rubinstein noted that: “The 'enclaves' are a sort of 'islands' to which Israeli laws were applied by legal means, under the assumption that there is no real difference between the law applying in Israel and the one that should apply in these enclaves... The matter at hand concerns Israeli citizens, and the assumption is that the gist of their lives should be as close as possible to that of the rest of Israeli citizens.”{{sfn|ACRI|2014|p=22|ps=: HCJ 10104/04 Peace Now S.A.L. Educational Enterprises v. Supervisor of the Jewish Settlements in Judea and Samaria 61(2) 93 (2006)}}}} and a 2007 Supreme Court case, Kav LaOved v. Jerusalem Labor Court, summarized by [[Eliezer Rivlin]].{{efn|Rivlin noted that: “The Israeli residents living in the West Bank are subject to extensive parts of Israeli law, in addition to special legislation by the military commander that applies solely to the Israeli residents. The Palestinian residents living in the very same territories are subject to Jordanian law and to legislation by the military governor that applies to them [...] This outcome creates a regime in which different sets of laws apply in one territory.”{{sfn|ACRI|2014|p=5|ps=: [http://elyon1.court.gov.il/Files/03/660/056/p17/03056660.p17.HTM HCJ 5666/03 Kav LaOved v. Jerusalem Labor Court, 62(3)]}} Rivlin went on to describe the "enclave law" as follows: “The law is different regarding Israeli residents in the occupied territories. For them, there is a separate legislative layer, known as the "Enclave Law", which includes internal Israeli legislation that has been applied personally to Israeli citizens or to persons entitled to be Israeli citizens and living in the territories only.”<ref>[http://elyon1.court.gov.il/Files/03/660/056/p17/03056660.p17.HTM HCJ 5666/03 Kav LaOved v. Jerusalem Labor Court, 62(3)], quote in original Hebrew: "
 ‎שונה הדין באשר לתושבים הישראלים בשטחים המוחזקים. לגביהם, מתקיים רובד חקיקתי נפרד, המוכר בכינוי "משפט המובלעות", ואשר כולל חקיקה ישראלית פנימית שהוחלה באופן אישי על אזרחים ישראלים או על מי שזכאים להיות אזרחים ישראלים ומתגוררים בשטחים בלבד."</ref>}}