False Memory Syndrome Foundation: Difference between revisions
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The '''False Memory Syndrome Foundation''' ( |
The '''False Memory Syndrome Foundation''' (FMSF) is an advocacy group<ref>Olio, Karen A. "The Truth About 'False Memory Syndrome.'" Chapter 19 in Caplan, Paula J., Lisa Cosgrove, eds. 2004. Bias in psychiatric diagnosis. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780765700018, p. 163</ref> formed by and on behalf of individuals who claim they have been falsely accused of [[child sexual abuse]].<ref name="Dallam">{{cite journal|title=Crisis or Creation: A Systematic Examination of 'False Memory Syndrome' |last=Dallam |first=Stephanie J. |url=http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/res/dallam/6.html |journal=Journal of Child Sexual Abuse |publisher=Haworth Press |volume=Vol 9; No. 3/4, pp. 9-36 |year=2001}}</ref> |
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The FSMF was formed in 1992 by Pamela and [[Peter Freyd]] after they became aware that their adult daughter [[Jennifer Freyd]], Professor of Psychology at the University of Oregon, believed that Peter Freyd had sexually abused her as a child. <ref name="JF">Freyd, J. (1996) ''Betrayal Trauma: The Logic of Forgetting Child Abuse.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. The history of the confrontations between the Freyds and their daughter Jennifer is recounted in the Afterword, pages 197-199.</ref><ref>[http://www.mindcontrolforums.com/mindnet/mn154.htm Hart, Anne (1995) "The Great Debate," ''MindNet Journal, vol. 1'', #54.]</ref> |
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The FMSF coined the term ''[[false memory syndrome]]'' to describe their belief that adults who belatedly remember instances of sexual abuse from their childhood may be mistaken about the accuracy of their memory. From this, the FMSF hypothesized that these apparent memories may have been the artifacts of ''[[recovered memory therapy]]'', another term introduced by the FSMF in the early 1990s.<ref name="whitfield56">{{cite book|title=Misinformation Concerning Child Sexual Abuse and Adult Survivors |last= Whitfield |first=Charles L. |coauthors=Joyanna L. Silberg, Paul Jay Fink |publisher=[[Haworth Press]] |year=2001 |isbn= 0789019019 |page=56}}</ref> The FMSF garnered substantial attention from the mass media, and from psychologists, researchers and others who studied memory and child abuse. Responses have been mixed, however, with critics arguing that the FMSF's methods and claims are unsupported or unscientific. |
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The organization was concieved during meetings at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] and [[Johns Hopkins Hospital|Johns Hopkins Medical Center]] by several families accused of abusing their adult children when younger. This initial group was comprised of academics and professionals, the goal of the FMSF was to become more than an advocacy organization and address the issues of [[memory]] that seemed to have caused the behavioral changes in their now-adult children. The organization sought out researchers in the fields of memory and clinical practice to form its advisory board.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://fmsfonline.org/advboard.html | title = The FMSF Scientific and Professional Advisory Board - Profiles | publisher = False Memory Syndrome Foundation | accessdate = 2009-09-16 }}</ref> |
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==History== |
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The FMSF originated the terms [[false memory syndrome]] and [[recovered memory therapy]] to describe what they believe is the orientation of patients towards [[confabulation]]s created by inappropriate [[psychotherapy]], and the methods through which these confabulations are created respectively.<ref>{{cite book | last = McHugh | first = PR | authorlink = Paul R. McHugh | title = Try to remember: Psychiatry's clash over meaning, memory and mind | isbn = 1932594396 | publisher = Dana Press | year = 2008 }}</ref> Neither term is acknowledged by the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] or any professional organizations. |
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In about 1990, [[Jennifer Freyd]], a psychologist at the [[University of Oregon]], privately accused her father [[Peter Freyd|Peter]] of sexually molesting her from the age of nine or ten through her teen years. Jennifer claimed that she recovered and understood these memories following a single question about sexual abuse from a therapist she was seeing for an unrelated problem.<ref name="Bloomberg">Bloomberg, Peter. "[http://www.skepticfiles.org/misctext/onefam.htm One family's tragedy spawns national group]", The Baltimore Sun, 12 Sept 1994</ref> Peter Frey's mother publicly supported Jennifer's claim, and Peter's brother reported substantial abuse in the Freyd home, additionally describing the FMSF as "a fraud designed to deny a reality that Peter and Pamela spent most of their lives trying to escape."<ref name="Dallam"/> |
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In 1991, writing under the pseudonym "Jane Doe", Jennifer's mother Pamela Freyd wrote a semi-fictionalized first-person account of her daughter's accusations. Pamela's essay appeared in a non-peer-reviewed journal, sympathetic to those accused of sex crimes, and published Ralph Underwager, and his wife Hollida Wakefield. <ref>Doe, Jane (1991), [http://www.ipt-forensics.com/journal/volume3/j3_3_3.htm "How could this happen? Coping with a false accusation of incest and rape"], ''Issues in Child Abuse Accusations, vol. 3'', 154-165.</ref><ref name="Ped">[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/NudistHallofShame/Underwager2.html "Paidika Interview: Hollida Wakefield and Ralph Underwager", ''Paidikia: The Journal of Pædophilia", Winter 1993.]</ref> Pamela's essay was only thinly-veiled, contained misrepresentations of Jennifer's accounts, and was circulated to Jennifer's colleagues with what Jennifer believed was [[defamation of character|defamatory intent]].<ref>Stanton, Mike. 1997. U-Turn on memory lane. [[Columbia Journalism Review]], June/July 1997.</ref> |
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==Background== |
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The '''False Memory Syndrome Foundation''' (FMSF) was formed in 1992 by Pamela and [[Peter Freyd]], with the support and encouragement of therapists Hollida Wakefield and Ralph Underwager after being accused of child sexual abuse by their adult daughter [[Jennifer Freyd]]. The Freyds were rapidly joined by a professionals with expertise in this area and by of parents who had been accused of sexually abusing their now-adult children when they were younger. The adult children had no memory of sexual abuse before entering therapy.<ref name="Dallam"/> |
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In 1992, Pamela and Jennifer Freyd established the False Memory Syndrome Foundation (FMSF), with the support and encouragement of therapists Hollida Wakefield and Ralph Underwager.<ref name="JF">Freyd, J. (1996) ''Betrayal Trauma: The Logic of Forgetting Child Abuse.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. The history of the confrontations between the Freyds and their daughter Jennifer is recounted in the Afterword, pages 197-199.</ref><ref>[http://www.mindcontrolforums.com/mindnet/mn154.htm Hart, Anne (1995) "The Great Debate," ''MindNet Journal, vol. 1'', #54.]</ref> The FMSF's early members and advisory board was comprised mostly of parents whose adult children had accused them of childhood sexual abuse.<ref name="Dallam">Dallam, S. J. (2002) [http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/res/dallam/6.html "Crisis or Creation: A systematic examination of false memory claims"]. ''Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, vol. 9'', (3/4), 9-36.</ref> |
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The founders of the FMS Foundation were concerned that the adult offsprings' devastating new beliefs about their childhoods developed because of therapy experiences that almost always included one of the following techniques used to "excavate hidden memories": hypnosis, relaxation exercises, guided imagery, drug-mediated interviews, [[Body memory|body memories]], literal dream interpretation, and journaling. It is the position of the FMSF that there is no scientific evidence that the use of consciousness-altering techniques such as these can reveal or accurately elaborate factual information about any past experiences, including sexual abuse.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://fmsfonline.org/fmsffaq.html#Practices | title = Frequently Asked Questions - What therapy practices cause concern? | accessdate = 2009-09-16 | publisher = False Memory Syndrome Foundation}}</ref> |
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The founders of the FMS Foundation were concerned that the adult offsprings' accusations of childhood abuse developed because of therapy experiences that almost always included one of the following techniques used to "excavate hidden memories": hypnosis, relaxation exercises, guided imagery, drug-mediated interviews, body memories, literal dream interpretation, and journaling. It is the position of the FMSF that there is no scientific evidence that the use of consciousness-altering techniques such as these can reveal or accurately elaborate factual information about any past experiences, including sexual abuse. <ref>[http://fmsfonline.org/fmsffaq.html#Practices Royal College of Physicians, 1997, quoted by FMSF.]</ref> However, critics<ref>Whitfield, et. al, 2001</ref> of the FMSF argued that the group was misrepresenting data, noting that that these so-called "recovered memory therapies" might have been practiced by individual therapists, but were not necessarily widely used by mainstream medical or mental health professionals with the goal of recovering memories of abuse, and did not represent a formally organized treatment modality. Dallam<ref name="Dallam">{{cite journal|title=Crisis or Creation: A Systematic Examination of 'False Memory Syndrome' |last=Dallam |first=Stephanie J. |url=http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/res/dallam/6.html |journal=Journal of Child Sexual Abuse |publisher=Haworth Press |volume=Vol 9; No. 3/4, pp. 9-36 |year=2001}}</ref> notes that no newsletter or article published by the FMSF showed that the group conducted any systematic [[epidemiology|epidemiological]] research into the prevalence of so-called "recovered memory therapies," and additionally that a substantial percentage of forgotten traumatic memories -- including some specifically made by those who accused FMSF members of abuse -- are recovered outside of formal or informal therapy. |
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| ⚫ | |||
Website of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation FMS Foundation website | accessdate = 2009-09-16 | publisher = False Memory Syndrome Foundation}}</ref> |
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According to the FMS Foundation: |
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| ⚫ | Members of the FMS Foundation Scientific Advisory Board now include a number of members of the National Academy of Sciences and Institute of Medicine: [[Aaron T. Beck]], Rochel Gelman, Leila Gleitman, [[Ernest Hilgard]] (deceased), Philip S. Holzman, [[Elizabeth Loftus]], [[Paul |
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| ⚫ | :The controversy is not about whether children are abused. Child abuse is a serious social problem that requires our attention. Neither is the controversy about whether people may not remember past abuse. There are many reasons why people may not remember something: childhood amnesia, physical trauma, drugs or the natural decay of stored information. The controversy is about the accuracy of claims of recovered "repressed" memories of abuse. The consequences profoundly affect the law, the way therapy is practiced, families and people's lives. <ref> [http://FMSFonline.org FMS Foundation website.]</ref> |
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Writing under the pseudonym "Jane Doe", one year before she established the False Memory Syndrome Foundation Pamela Freyd wrote a first-person account of her daughter's accusations of sexual misconduct against her husband, Peter Freyd, that appeared in an online publication by published by co-founder of the FMSF, Ralph Underwager, and his wife Hollida Wakefield.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Doe | first = J | year = 1991 | url = http://www.ipt-forensics.com/journal/volume3/j3_3_3.htm | title = How could this happen? Coping with a false accusation of incest and rape | journal = Issues in Child Abuse Accusations | volume = 3 | pages = 154-165}}</ref> |
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As of 1994, a FMSF spokesperson reported that the group was able to empirically corroborate one single false sexual abuse allegation.<ref>Herman, J. L. (1994). Presuming to know the truth. Neiman Reports, 48, 43-45.</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The FMSF |
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| ⚫ | Members of the FMS Foundation Scientific Advisory Board now include a number of members of the National Academy of Sciences and Institute of Medicine: [[Aaron T. Beck]], M.D., Rochel Gelman, Ph.D., Leila Gleitman, Ph.D., [[Ernest Hilgard]], Ph.D. (deceased), Philip S. Holzman, Ph.D., [[Elizabeth Loftus]], Ph.D., [[Paul McHugh]], M.D., and [[Ulric Neisser]], Ph.D. The Scientific Advisory Board includes both clinicians and researchers. The FMS Foundation has no affiliations with any other organizations. It is funded by contributions and has no ties to any commercial ventures. |
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== Resignation of Ralph Underwager == |
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| ⚫ | The FMSF has claimed membership of up to roughly 18,000,<ref name="Dallam">{{cite journal|title=Crisis or Creation: A Systematic Examination of 'False Memory Syndrome' |last=Dallam |first=Stephanie J. |url=http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/res/dallam/6.html |journal=Journal of Child Sexual Abuse |publisher=Haworth Press |volume=Vol 9; No. 3/4, pp. 9-36 |year=2001}}</ref> but closer examination of their IRS forms indicated a membership of roughly 2000 members in 1993. <ref name= Calof>{{cite journal | last = Calof | first = DL | year = 1993 | title = A Conversation With Pamela Freyd, Ph.D. Co-Founder And Executive Director, False Memory Syndrome Foundation, Inc | url = http://fmsf.com/v3n3-pfreyd.shtml | journal = Treating Abuse Today | volume = 3 | issue = 3 }}</ref> |
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In 1991, an interview with founding member of the FMSF [[Ralph Underwager]] was published in ''[[Paidika: The Journal of Paedophilia]]'' containing statements which were interpreted as supportive of paedophilia and the idea that it was actually a positive experience for some children.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Wakefield | first = H | coauthors = [[Ralph Underwager|Underwager R]] | title = Interview with Hollida Wakefield and Ralph Underwager | journal = [[Paidika: The Journal of Paedophilia|Paidika]] | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 3-12 | year = 1993 }}</ref> In the controversy that followed, Underwager resigned from the FMSF's scientific advisory board. Underwager later stated that the quotations in the ''Paidika'' article were taken out of context, used to discredit his ability to testify in courts and through [[Association fallacy|guilt by association]], damage the reputation of the FMSF. Underwager's original intention with the interview was to promote a prevention and treatment initiative aimed at offenders in order to would urge them to take responsibility for their actions and urges.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Underwager | first = R | authorlink = Ralph Underwager | coauthors = Wakefield H | url = http://www.ipt-forensics.com/journal/volume6/j6_2_5.htm | year = 1994 | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | title = Misinterpretation of a Primary Prevention Effort | pages = 96-107 | journal = Issues in Child Abuse Accusations }}</ref> |
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==Responses== |
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The FMSF and their assertions have sparked sometimes heated debate. Sandra L. Bloom<ref>Bloom, Sandra L. 1994. "Hearing The Survivor's Voice: Sundering the Veil of Denial." Journal of Psychohistory, 21(4): 461-477, 1994.</ref> writes: |
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:The False Memory Syndrome Foundation has raised legitimate concerns, particularly about poorly trained therapists. Adults who have been abused as children often present with a complex array of symptoms that have been unresponsive to other interventions. To the extent that the "false memory" debate encourages the mental health field to be more rigorous in its scientific and ethical methodologies, it serves a highly constructive purpose. To the extent that the debate encourages a resurgence of social denial of abuse and protects the perpetrators, it serves a highly destructive purpose. |
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According to psychiatrist and traumatic amnesia expert David Spiegel of [[Stanford University]], the FMSF "remind me of a high school debate team. [...] They go to the library, [[cherry picking|surgically extract the information convenient to them and throw out the rest]].<ref>Stanton, Mike. 1997. U-Turn on memory lane. [[Columbia Journalism Review]], June/July 1997.</ref> Similarly, Richard J. Lowenstein,<ref>December, 1992 ''International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation News''.</ref> president of the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation, declared: |
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:[T]hough writings by FMSF board members tout the Foundation's 'scientific' approach, I know of no clinical research or tradition of clinical description that empirically validates or supports that such a clinical condition exists. False Memory Syndrome has no signs or symptoms (the defining characteristics of a syndrome). The FMS Foundation's written materials are selective, biased, and incomplete in their fragmentary reviews of selected articles and books in the childhood trauma literature. |
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According to Dallam:<ref name="Dallam">{{cite journal|title=Crisis or Creation: A Systematic Examination of 'False Memory Syndrome' |last=Dallam |first=Stephanie J. |url=http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/res/dallam/6.html |journal=Journal of Child Sexual Abuse |publisher=Haworth Press |volume=Vol 9; No. 3/4, pp. 9-36 |year=2001}}</ref> |
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:The current review reveals that the FMSF has acted like the special interest groups it frequently criticizes. Specifically, the FMSF has emphasized the magnitude and importance of "False Memory Syndrome" and yet failed to publish any empirically based research supporting the existence of an identifiable syndrome or an epidemic. It has also participated in the dissemination of inaccurate statistical data which misled the public about the extent of the alleged problem. This lack of scholarly activities coupled with advocacy activities on behalf of those accused of sexually abusing children run counter to the FMSF's claim to be an objective scientific organization. In sum, the FMSF has conducted itself as a partisan organization with a strong sociopolitical agenda. As such, it has been extraordinarily successful in influencing social attitudes toward child abuse and fueling the current controversy about the validity of reports by those claiming to be victims of sexual assault. |
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== Ralph Underwager Interview Controversy== |
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In 1991, FMSF [[Ralph Underwager]] gave an interview to a Dutch non-peer reviewed periodical, which quoted him as saying that adult-child sex was potentially a “responsible choice for the [adult] individual.” <ref name="Ped"/> In the controversy that followed, he resigned from the FMSF. |
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Underwager stated that the quotations in the ''Paidika'' article were taken out of context.<ref>Underwager, Ralph, and Wakefield, Hollida [http://www.tc.umn.edu/~under006/Library/Misinterpretation.html Misinterpretation of a Primary Prevention Effort]</ref> |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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[[Category:Memory]] |
[[Category:Memory]] |
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[[Category:Child abuse]] |
[[Category:Child abuse]] |
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[[Category:Organizations established in 1992]] |
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Revision as of 20:38, 26 September 2009
The False Memory Syndrome Foundation (FMSF) is an advocacy group[1] formed by and on behalf of individuals who claim they have been falsely accused of child sexual abuse.[2] The FSMF was formed in 1992 by Pamela and Peter Freyd after they became aware that their adult daughter Jennifer Freyd, Professor of Psychology at the University of Oregon, believed that Peter Freyd had sexually abused her as a child. [3][4]
The FMSF coined the term false memory syndrome to describe their belief that adults who belatedly remember instances of sexual abuse from their childhood may be mistaken about the accuracy of their memory. From this, the FMSF hypothesized that these apparent memories may have been the artifacts of recovered memory therapy, another term introduced by the FSMF in the early 1990s.[5] The FMSF garnered substantial attention from the mass media, and from psychologists, researchers and others who studied memory and child abuse. Responses have been mixed, however, with critics arguing that the FMSF's methods and claims are unsupported or unscientific.
History
In about 1990, Jennifer Freyd, a psychologist at the University of Oregon, privately accused her father Peter of sexually molesting her from the age of nine or ten through her teen years. Jennifer claimed that she recovered and understood these memories following a single question about sexual abuse from a therapist she was seeing for an unrelated problem.[6] Peter Frey's mother publicly supported Jennifer's claim, and Peter's brother reported substantial abuse in the Freyd home, additionally describing the FMSF as "a fraud designed to deny a reality that Peter and Pamela spent most of their lives trying to escape."[2]
In 1991, writing under the pseudonym "Jane Doe", Jennifer's mother Pamela Freyd wrote a semi-fictionalized first-person account of her daughter's accusations. Pamela's essay appeared in a non-peer-reviewed journal, sympathetic to those accused of sex crimes, and published Ralph Underwager, and his wife Hollida Wakefield. [7][8] Pamela's essay was only thinly-veiled, contained misrepresentations of Jennifer's accounts, and was circulated to Jennifer's colleagues with what Jennifer believed was defamatory intent.[9]
In 1992, Pamela and Jennifer Freyd established the False Memory Syndrome Foundation (FMSF), with the support and encouragement of therapists Hollida Wakefield and Ralph Underwager.[3][10] The FMSF's early members and advisory board was comprised mostly of parents whose adult children had accused them of childhood sexual abuse.[2]
The founders of the FMS Foundation were concerned that the adult offsprings' accusations of childhood abuse developed because of therapy experiences that almost always included one of the following techniques used to "excavate hidden memories": hypnosis, relaxation exercises, guided imagery, drug-mediated interviews, body memories, literal dream interpretation, and journaling. It is the position of the FMSF that there is no scientific evidence that the use of consciousness-altering techniques such as these can reveal or accurately elaborate factual information about any past experiences, including sexual abuse. [11] However, critics[12] of the FMSF argued that the group was misrepresenting data, noting that that these so-called "recovered memory therapies" might have been practiced by individual therapists, but were not necessarily widely used by mainstream medical or mental health professionals with the goal of recovering memories of abuse, and did not represent a formally organized treatment modality. Dallam[2] notes that no newsletter or article published by the FMSF showed that the group conducted any systematic epidemiological research into the prevalence of so-called "recovered memory therapies," and additionally that a substantial percentage of forgotten traumatic memories -- including some specifically made by those who accused FMSF members of abuse -- are recovered outside of formal or informal therapy.
According to the FMS Foundation:
- The controversy is not about whether children are abused. Child abuse is a serious social problem that requires our attention. Neither is the controversy about whether people may not remember past abuse. There are many reasons why people may not remember something: childhood amnesia, physical trauma, drugs or the natural decay of stored information. The controversy is about the accuracy of claims of recovered "repressed" memories of abuse. The consequences profoundly affect the law, the way therapy is practiced, families and people's lives. [13]
As of 1994, a FMSF spokesperson reported that the group was able to empirically corroborate one single false sexual abuse allegation.[14]
Members of the FMS Foundation Scientific Advisory Board now include a number of members of the National Academy of Sciences and Institute of Medicine: Aaron T. Beck, M.D., Rochel Gelman, Ph.D., Leila Gleitman, Ph.D., Ernest Hilgard, Ph.D. (deceased), Philip S. Holzman, Ph.D., Elizabeth Loftus, Ph.D., Paul McHugh, M.D., and Ulric Neisser, Ph.D. The Scientific Advisory Board includes both clinicians and researchers. The FMS Foundation has no affiliations with any other organizations. It is funded by contributions and has no ties to any commercial ventures.
The FMSF has claimed membership of up to roughly 18,000,[2] but closer examination of their IRS forms indicated a membership of roughly 2000 members in 1993. [15]
Responses
The FMSF and their assertions have sparked sometimes heated debate. Sandra L. Bloom[16] writes:
- The False Memory Syndrome Foundation has raised legitimate concerns, particularly about poorly trained therapists. Adults who have been abused as children often present with a complex array of symptoms that have been unresponsive to other interventions. To the extent that the "false memory" debate encourages the mental health field to be more rigorous in its scientific and ethical methodologies, it serves a highly constructive purpose. To the extent that the debate encourages a resurgence of social denial of abuse and protects the perpetrators, it serves a highly destructive purpose.
According to psychiatrist and traumatic amnesia expert David Spiegel of Stanford University, the FMSF "remind me of a high school debate team. [...] They go to the library, surgically extract the information convenient to them and throw out the rest.[17] Similarly, Richard J. Lowenstein,[18] president of the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation, declared:
- [T]hough writings by FMSF board members tout the Foundation's 'scientific' approach, I know of no clinical research or tradition of clinical description that empirically validates or supports that such a clinical condition exists. False Memory Syndrome has no signs or symptoms (the defining characteristics of a syndrome). The FMS Foundation's written materials are selective, biased, and incomplete in their fragmentary reviews of selected articles and books in the childhood trauma literature.
According to Dallam:[2]
- The current review reveals that the FMSF has acted like the special interest groups it frequently criticizes. Specifically, the FMSF has emphasized the magnitude and importance of "False Memory Syndrome" and yet failed to publish any empirically based research supporting the existence of an identifiable syndrome or an epidemic. It has also participated in the dissemination of inaccurate statistical data which misled the public about the extent of the alleged problem. This lack of scholarly activities coupled with advocacy activities on behalf of those accused of sexually abusing children run counter to the FMSF's claim to be an objective scientific organization. In sum, the FMSF has conducted itself as a partisan organization with a strong sociopolitical agenda. As such, it has been extraordinarily successful in influencing social attitudes toward child abuse and fueling the current controversy about the validity of reports by those claiming to be victims of sexual assault.
Ralph Underwager Interview Controversy
In 1991, FMSF Ralph Underwager gave an interview to a Dutch non-peer reviewed periodical, which quoted him as saying that adult-child sex was potentially a “responsible choice for the [adult] individual.” [8] In the controversy that followed, he resigned from the FMSF.
Underwager stated that the quotations in the Paidika article were taken out of context.[19]
Notes
- ^ Olio, Karen A. "The Truth About 'False Memory Syndrome.'" Chapter 19 in Caplan, Paula J., Lisa Cosgrove, eds. 2004. Bias in psychiatric diagnosis. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780765700018, p. 163
- ^ a b c d e f Dallam, Stephanie J. (2001). "Crisis or Creation: A Systematic Examination of 'False Memory Syndrome'". Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. Vol 9, No. 3/4, pp. 9-36. Haworth Press.
{{cite journal}}:|volume=has extra text (help) Cite error: The named reference "Dallam" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ a b Freyd, J. (1996) Betrayal Trauma: The Logic of Forgetting Child Abuse. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. The history of the confrontations between the Freyds and their daughter Jennifer is recounted in the Afterword, pages 197-199.
- ^ Hart, Anne (1995) "The Great Debate," MindNet Journal, vol. 1, #54.
- ^ Whitfield, Charles L. (2001). Misinformation Concerning Child Sexual Abuse and Adult Survivors. Haworth Press. p. 56. ISBN 0789019019.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Bloomberg, Peter. "One family's tragedy spawns national group", The Baltimore Sun, 12 Sept 1994
- ^ Doe, Jane (1991), "How could this happen? Coping with a false accusation of incest and rape", Issues in Child Abuse Accusations, vol. 3, 154-165.
- ^ a b "Paidika Interview: Hollida Wakefield and Ralph Underwager", Paidikia: The Journal of Pædophilia", Winter 1993.
- ^ Stanton, Mike. 1997. U-Turn on memory lane. Columbia Journalism Review, June/July 1997.
- ^ Hart, Anne (1995) "The Great Debate," MindNet Journal, vol. 1, #54.
- ^ Royal College of Physicians, 1997, quoted by FMSF.
- ^ Whitfield, et. al, 2001
- ^ FMS Foundation website.
- ^ Herman, J. L. (1994). Presuming to know the truth. Neiman Reports, 48, 43-45.
- ^ Calof, DL (1993). "A Conversation With Pamela Freyd, Ph.D. Co-Founder And Executive Director, False Memory Syndrome Foundation, Inc". Treating Abuse Today. 3 (3).
- ^ Bloom, Sandra L. 1994. "Hearing The Survivor's Voice: Sundering the Veil of Denial." Journal of Psychohistory, 21(4): 461-477, 1994.
- ^ Stanton, Mike. 1997. U-Turn on memory lane. Columbia Journalism Review, June/July 1997.
- ^ December, 1992 International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation News.
- ^ Underwager, Ralph, and Wakefield, Hollida Misinterpretation of a Primary Prevention Effort