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{{Infobox company
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| name = International News Service
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The '''International News Service''' ('''INS''') was a U.S.-based [[news agency]] (newswire) founded by newspaper publisher [[William Randolph Hearst]] in 1909.<ref name="Liebenson">[http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-05-04/features/0305040380_1_upi-story-jack-james-korean-war/3 Donald Liebenson, "Upi R.i.p."], ''Chicago Tribune'', 4 May 2003, accessed 11 May 2011</ref> In May 1958 it merged with rival United Press to become [[United Press International]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=24 May 1958|title=United Press, International News Service in merger|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1958/05/24/United-Press-International-News-Service-in-merger/6571527044929/|access-date=19 January 2021|website=UPI}}</ref>
The '''International News Service''' ('''INS''') was a U.S.-based [[news agency]] (newswire) founded by newspaper publisher [[William Randolph Hearst]] in 1909.<ref name="Liebenson">[http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-05-04/features/0305040380_1_upi-story-jack-james-korean-war/3 Donald Liebenson, "Upi R.i.p."], ''Chicago Tribune'', 4 May 2003, accessed 11 May 2011</ref>
The INS consistently ranked as the third-largest news agency in the U.S., trailing behind its major competitors, the [[Associated Press]] and [[United Press]]. Despite notable achievements and considerable investments, the INS never managed to surpass its rivals. At its peak, the INS served 19 percent of American daily newspapers (1948).<ref>'Encyclopedia of Journalism''. (2009). United States: SAGE Publications, pp. 775-776.</ref> In May 1958 it merged with rival United Press to become [[United Press International]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=24 May 1958|title=United Press, International News Service in merger|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1958/05/24/United-Press-International-News-Service-in-merger/6571527044929/|access-date=19 January 2021|website=UPI}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
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In May 1909, the Hearst publishing organization established the [[American News Service]], headquartered in New York. Just a few months later, the American News Service was split into two divisions to cater to morning and evening newspapers across the United States. The International News Service (INS) was responsible for providing overnight reports to morning newspapers seven days a week, with foreign news reporting commencing in August 1909. In 1911, the morning and evening services were integrated and operated under the INS banner.<ref>''Encyclopedia of Journalism''. (2009). United States: SAGE Publications, p. 775.</ref>
In May 1909, the Hearst publishing organization established the [[American News Service]], headquartered in New York. Just a few months later, the American News Service was split into two divisions to cater to morning and evening newspapers across the United States. The International News Service (INS) was responsible for providing overnight reports to morning newspapers seven days a week, with foreign news reporting commencing in August 1909. In 1911, the morning and evening services were integrated and operated under the INS banner.<ref>''Encyclopedia of Journalism''. (2009). United States: SAGE Publications, p. 775.</ref>


Established two years after Hearst-competitor [[E.W. Scripps]] combined three smaller syndicates under his control into [[United Press International|United Press Associations]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/deadlineeverymin013289mbp | title = Deadline Every Minute The Story Of The United Press - ARCHIVE.ORG ONLINE VERSION | year = 1957|author= Joe Alex Morris | publisher = Doubleday & Company }}</ref> INS battled the other major newswires. It added a picture service, '''International News Photos,''' or '''INP.''' The Hearst [[newsreel]] series ''[[Hearst Metrotone News]]'' (1914–1967) was released as ''International Newsreel'' from January 1919 to July 1929. Universal Service, another Hearst-owned news agency, merged with International News Service in 1937.<ref name="Time, Universal Service2">''[http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,883675,00.html The Press: Mouthpiece Merged],'' ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]],'' August 23, 1937</ref> Always a distant third to its larger rivals the [[Associated Press]] and the [[United Press International|United Press]], '''INS''' was merged with '''UP''' on May 24, 1958, to become [[United Press International|UPI]].
Established two years after Hearst-competitor [[E.W. Scripps]] combined three smaller syndicates under his control into [[United Press International|United Press Associations]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/deadlineeverymin013289mbp | title = Deadline Every Minute The Story Of The United Press - ARCHIVE.ORG ONLINE VERSION | year = 1957|author= Joe Alex Morris | publisher = Doubleday & Company }}</ref> INS battled the other major newswires. It added a picture service, International News Photos, or INP. The Hearst [[newsreel]] series ''[[Hearst Metrotone News]]'' (1914–1967) was released as ''International Newsreel'' from January 1919 to July 1929. Universal Service, another Hearst-owned news agency, merged with International News Service in 1937.<ref name="Time, Universal Service2">''[http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,883675,00.html The Press: Mouthpiece Merged],'' ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]],'' August 23, 1937</ref> Always a distant third to its larger rivals the [[Associated Press]] and the [[United Press International|United Press]], the INS was merged with UP on May 24, 1958, to become [[United Press International|UPI]].


New York City's all-news radio station, [[WINS (AM)|WINS]], then under Hearst ownership, took its call letters from INS,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2008/11/04/wins-history-the-early-years-from-the-airwaves-of-new-york-2/|title=WINS History: The Early Years From The Airwaves of New York|date=4 November 2008|website=cbslocal.com}}</ref> as did the short-lived (1948–49), [[DuMont Television Network]] nightly newscast, ''[[I.N.S. Telenews]]''.
New York City's all-news radio station, [[WINS (AM)|WINS]], then under Hearst ownership, took its call letters from INS,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2008/11/04/wins-history-the-early-years-from-the-airwaves-of-new-york-2/|title=WINS History: The Early Years From The Airwaves of New York|date=4 November 2008|website=cbslocal.com}}</ref> as did the short-lived (1948–49), [[DuMont Television Network]] nightly newscast, ''[[I.N.S. Telenews]]''.


Among those who worked for INS were future broadcasters [[William Shirer]], [[Edwin Newman]], [[Bob Clark (television reporter)|Bob Clark]], [[Freeman Fulbright]], and [[Irving R. Levine]], who in 1950 covered the outbreak of war in Korea for INS.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/28/business/28levine.html?_r=1&ref=obituaries |author=Weber, Bruce |title=Irving R. Levine, NBC News Correspondent, Dies at 86 |newspaper=The New York Times|date=2009-03-28 |access-date=2009-03-28}}</ref> [[Marion Carpenter]], the first woman national press photographer to cover Washington, D.C., and the White House, and to travel with a US president, also had worked for the INS.<ref name=APress>The Associated Press (AP): "Remembering Marion Carpenter: Pioneer White House Photographer Dies," {{cite web |url=http://www.whnpa.org/about/carpenter.htm |title=Marion Carpenter |access-date=2010-11-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129181805/http://whnpa.org/about/carpenter.htm |archive-date=2010-11-29 }}, retrieved November 25, 2002.</ref>
Among those who worked for INS were future broadcasters [[William Shirer]], [[Edwin Newman]], [[Bob Clark (television reporter)|Bob Clark]], [[Freeman Fulbright]], and [[Irving R. Levine]], who in 1950 covered the outbreak of war in Korea for INS.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/28/business/28levine.html?_r=1&ref=obituaries |author=Weber, Bruce |title=Irving R. Levine, NBC News Correspondent, Dies at 86 |newspaper=The New York Times|date=2009-03-28 |access-date=2009-03-28}}</ref> [[Marion Carpenter]], the first woman national press photographer to cover Washington, D.C., and the White House, and to travel with a US president, also had worked for the INS.<ref name=APress>The Associated Press (AP): "Remembering Marion Carpenter: Pioneer White House Photographer Dies," {{cite web |url=http://www.whnpa.org/about/carpenter.htm |title=Marion Carpenter |access-date=2010-11-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129181805/http://whnpa.org/about/carpenter.htm |archive-date=2010-11-29 }}, retrieved November 25, 2002.</ref>The INS also counted among its ranks other famours journalists, including [[Jack Lait]], [[Damon Runyon]], [[Karl Henry von Wiegand]],[[Otto D. Tolischus]], [[Dorothy Thompson]], [[Hubert Renfro Knickerbocker]], [[Pierre J. Huss]], [[Richard Tregaskis]].


==''International News Service v. Associated Press''==
==''International News Service v. Associated Press''==
During the early years of [[World War I]], Hearst's INS was barred from using Allied telegraph lines,{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} because of reporting of British losses. INS made do by allegedly taking news stories off AP bulletin boards, rewriting them and selling them to other outlets. AP sued INS and the case reached the United States Supreme Court.<ref name=Findlaw/>
During the early years of [[World War I]], Hearst's INS was barred from using Allied telegraph lines, because of reporting of British losses.<ref>Koenigsberg, M. (1941). ''King News: An Autobiography''. United States: F.A. Stokes Company, p. 454.</ref> INS made do by allegedly taking news stories off AP bulletin boards, rewriting them and selling them to other outlets. AP sued INS and the case reached the United States Supreme Court.<ref name=Findlaw/>


The case was considered important in terms of distinguishing between upholding the [[common law]] rule of "no copyright in facts", and applying the common law doctrine of misappropriation through the [[tort]] of [[unfair competition]]. In ''[[International News Service v. Associated Press]]'' of 1918, [[Justice]] [[Mahlon Pitney]] wrote for the majority in ruling that INS was infringing on AP's "lead-time protection", and defining it as an unfair business practice. Pitney narrowed the period for which the newly defined proprietary right would apply: this doctrine "postpones participation by complainant's competitor in the processes of distribution and reproduction of news that it has not gathered, and only to the extent necessary to prevent that competitor from reaping the fruits of complainant's efforts and expenditure."<ref name=Findlaw>{{cite web|url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=248&invol=215|title=FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions.|website=Findlaw}}</ref> Justice [[Louis D. Brandeis]] wrote a minority opinion, objecting to the court's creating a new private property right.
The case was considered important in terms of distinguishing between upholding the [[common law]] rule of "no copyright in facts", and applying the common law doctrine of misappropriation through the [[tort]] of [[unfair competition]]. In ''[[International News Service v. Associated Press]]'' of 1918, [[Justice]] [[Mahlon Pitney]] wrote for the majority in ruling that INS was infringing on AP's "lead-time protection", and defining it as an unfair business practice. Pitney narrowed the period for which the newly defined proprietary right would apply: this doctrine "postpones participation by complainant's competitor in the processes of distribution and reproduction of news that it has not gathered, and only to the extent necessary to prevent that competitor from reaping the fruits of complainant's efforts and expenditure."<ref name=Findlaw>{{cite web|url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=248&invol=215|title=FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions.|website=Findlaw}}</ref> Justice [[Louis D. Brandeis]] wrote a minority opinion, objecting to the court's creating a new private property right.

Revision as of 16:28, 12 April 2024

International News Service
IndustryNews media, journalism
FoundedMay, 1909 (as American News Service)
Fatemerged with United Press May, 1958
SuccessorUnited Press
HeadquartersNew York, N.Y., USA
Key people
William Randolph Hearst, Moses Koenigsberg, E. Barry Faris
ProductsWire service

The International News Service (INS) was a U.S.-based news agency (newswire) founded by newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst in 1909.[1]

The INS consistently ranked as the third-largest news agency in the U.S., trailing behind its major competitors, the Associated Press and United Press. Despite notable achievements and considerable investments, the INS never managed to surpass its rivals. At its peak, the INS served 19 percent of American daily newspapers (1948).[2] In May 1958 it merged with rival United Press to become United Press International.[3]

History

Hearst News Service

The precursor to the International News Service was the Hearst News Service, which was established in 1904. In 1903, the Hearst publishing organization leased a telegraph line from San Francisco to New York, passing through Chicago, to facilitate its expanding newspaper business in these three cities and to share reporting. This service also provided news items to other newspapers, leading to the formation of the Hearst News Service.[4]

International News Service

In May 1909, the Hearst publishing organization established the American News Service, headquartered in New York. Just a few months later, the American News Service was split into two divisions to cater to morning and evening newspapers across the United States. The International News Service (INS) was responsible for providing overnight reports to morning newspapers seven days a week, with foreign news reporting commencing in August 1909. In 1911, the morning and evening services were integrated and operated under the INS banner.[5]

Established two years after Hearst-competitor E.W. Scripps combined three smaller syndicates under his control into United Press Associations,[6] INS battled the other major newswires. It added a picture service, International News Photos, or INP. The Hearst newsreel series Hearst Metrotone News (1914–1967) was released as International Newsreel from January 1919 to July 1929. Universal Service, another Hearst-owned news agency, merged with International News Service in 1937.[7] Always a distant third to its larger rivals the Associated Press and the United Press, the INS was merged with UP on May 24, 1958, to become UPI.

New York City's all-news radio station, WINS, then under Hearst ownership, took its call letters from INS,[8] as did the short-lived (1948–49), DuMont Television Network nightly newscast, I.N.S. Telenews.

Among those who worked for INS were future broadcasters William Shirer, Edwin Newman, Bob Clark, Freeman Fulbright, and Irving R. Levine, who in 1950 covered the outbreak of war in Korea for INS.[9] Marion Carpenter, the first woman national press photographer to cover Washington, D.C., and the White House, and to travel with a US president, also had worked for the INS.[10]The INS also counted among its ranks other famours journalists, including Jack Lait, Damon Runyon, Karl Henry von Wiegand,Otto D. Tolischus, Dorothy Thompson, Hubert Renfro Knickerbocker, Pierre J. Huss, Richard Tregaskis.

International News Service v. Associated Press

During the early years of World War I, Hearst's INS was barred from using Allied telegraph lines, because of reporting of British losses.[11] INS made do by allegedly taking news stories off AP bulletin boards, rewriting them and selling them to other outlets. AP sued INS and the case reached the United States Supreme Court.[12]

The case was considered important in terms of distinguishing between upholding the common law rule of "no copyright in facts", and applying the common law doctrine of misappropriation through the tort of unfair competition. In International News Service v. Associated Press of 1918, Justice Mahlon Pitney wrote for the majority in ruling that INS was infringing on AP's "lead-time protection", and defining it as an unfair business practice. Pitney narrowed the period for which the newly defined proprietary right would apply: this doctrine "postpones participation by complainant's competitor in the processes of distribution and reproduction of news that it has not gathered, and only to the extent necessary to prevent that competitor from reaping the fruits of complainant's efforts and expenditure."[12] Justice Louis D. Brandeis wrote a minority opinion, objecting to the court's creating a new private property right.

INS Poll

Between 1952 and 1957, members of the International News Service conducted an annual college football poll, similar to those held by rivals at the Associated Press (AP Poll) and United Press (Coaches Poll). Every week during the football season, a group of experts and writers issues a list of the top 10 teams of that week, culminating in a national champion awarded at the end of the season, before the bowl games.[13] The poll ceased after INS merged with UP in 1958.[14]

Season INS National Champion
1952 Georgia Tech
1953 Maryland
1954 Ohio State
1955 Oklahoma
1956 Oklahoma
1957 Ohio State
Source:[14]

References

  1. ^ Donald Liebenson, "Upi R.i.p.", Chicago Tribune, 4 May 2003, accessed 11 May 2011
  2. ^ 'Encyclopedia of Journalism. (2009). United States: SAGE Publications, pp. 775-776.
  3. ^ "United Press, International News Service in merger". UPI. May 24, 1958. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  4. ^ Encyclopedia of Journalism. (2009). United States: SAGE Publications, p. 775.
  5. ^ Encyclopedia of Journalism. (2009). United States: SAGE Publications, p. 775.
  6. ^ Joe Alex Morris (1957). "Deadline Every Minute The Story Of The United Press - ARCHIVE.ORG ONLINE VERSION". Doubleday & Company.
  7. ^ The Press: Mouthpiece Merged, Time, August 23, 1937
  8. ^ "WINS History: The Early Years From The Airwaves of New York". cbslocal.com. November 4, 2008.
  9. ^ Weber, Bruce (March 28, 2009). "Irving R. Levine, NBC News Correspondent, Dies at 86". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2009.
  10. ^ The Associated Press (AP): "Remembering Marion Carpenter: Pioneer White House Photographer Dies," "Marion Carpenter". Archived from the original on November 29, 2010. Retrieved November 25, 2010., retrieved November 25, 2002.
  11. ^ Koenigsberg, M. (1941). King News: An Autobiography. United States: F.A. Stokes Company, p. 454.
  12. ^ a b "FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions". Findlaw.
  13. ^ Kirlin, Bob. "INS College Football Polls". Bob Kirlin's Football History Site. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
  14. ^ a b "2018 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records" (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. p. 113. Retrieved September 3, 2019.

Further reading

  • Harnett, Richard M. and Billy G. Ferguson, UNIPRESS: United Press International--Covering the 20th Century, Fulcrum Publishing, 2003.
  • Koenigsberg, M. (1941). King News: An Autobiography. United States: F.A. Stokes Company.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to International News Service.
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