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Seeing Red. Halton Arp questions the cause of redshifts in his book, Seeing Red: Redshifts, Cosmology and Academic Science. [1]

Intrinsic redshifts were proposed by astronomer Halton Arp as a catch-all description for redshifts that are those that are presumed to have not been caused by one of three generally accepted causes (i.e. 1. Cosmological, 2. Doppler and 3. Gravitational). Arp proposed the idea having studied quasars and being a proponent during the controversies about the nature of those objects that they were not as distant as the Hubble Law distances implied. Arp concluded that an additional "intrinsic" component to quasars had to be present due to a physical mechanism other than quasars being distant ^[2].

Simultaneous with this, Arp advocates that the Big Bang model of physical cosmology is incorrect. He believes that nonstandard cosmologies are unjustily discriminated against in the astronomical community. One idea he has championed has been Jayant Narlikar's "variable mass" hypothesis which is said to provide for a mechanism for intrinsic redshifts ^[3]. Arp has promoted his ideas heavily on an internet website and discussion board and has published a number of popular books attacking the astronomical community.

With improved telescopes, the host galaxies for many quasars have been found at the same redshift as the quasars themselves, thus convincing most astronomers that quasars really are the core of distant active galactic nuclei and do not have a significant intrinsic component. Arp continues to maintain that there are discrepancies and "discordant redshifts" observed and does not accept the general consensus ^[4] due to what he perceives as systemic bias in the scientific community.

References

^ Arp, H., Anomalous redshifts in galaxies and quasars (1977)

^ Arp, Halton C., Catalogue of discordant redshift associations (2003)

^ Narlikar, J. V., Non-Cosmological Redshifts (1977)

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-{{AfD}}
 [[Image:Seeing-red.jpg|thumb|212px|'''Seeing Red'''. [[Halton Arp]] questions the cause of redshifts in his book, ''Seeing Red: Redshifts, Cosmology and Academic Science''. [http://redshift.vif.com/BookBlurbs/SeeingRedBlurb.htm] ]]
+'''Intrinsic redshifts''' were proposed by [[astronomer]] [[Halton Arp]] as a catch-all description for [[redshift]]s that are those that are presumed to have '''not''' been caused by one of three generally accepted causes (i.e. 1. Cosmological, 2. Doppler and 3. Gravitational). Arp proposed the idea having studied [[quasars]] and being a proponent during the controversies about the nature of those objects that they were not as [[cosmological distance ladder|distant]] as the [[Hubble Law]] distances implied. Arp concluded that an additional "intrinsic" component to quasars had to be present due to a physical mechanism other than quasars being distant {{ref|Arp1977}}.
+Simultaneous with this, Arp advocates that the [[Big Bang]] [[model]] of [[physical cosmology]] is incorrect. He believes that [[nonstandard cosmologies]] are unjustily discriminated against in the astronomical community. One idea he has championed has been [[Jayant Narlikar]]'s "variable mass" hypothesis which is said to provide for a mechanism for intrinsic redshifts {{ref|Narlikar1977}}. Arp has promoted his ideas heavily on an [[internet]] [[website]] and [[discussion board]] and has published a number of popular books attacking the astronomical community.
-<font size=4>'''Redshift theories (alternative)'''</font><br>
-''(Suggested article title, to be renamed after AfD conclusion)''
-'''Alternative redshift theories''' are those that are presumed to have '''not''' been caused by one of three generally accepted causes of [[redshift]] (i.e. 1. Cosmological, 2. Doppler and 3. Gravitational). In 1981, French cosmologist and astrophysicist Henri Reboul discovered that over thirty categories of redshift theories have been proposed over the years in over 200 papers {{ref|Reboul1981}}. Alternative theories still appear in peer-reviewed literature (see examples below), and alternative redshift theories are discussed in conferences [http://www.aps.org/meet/APR03/baps/abs/S3890.html] [http://www.cosmology.info/2005conference/].
-Such theories have been proposed for many reasons, such as dissatisfaction with the explanation of cosmological redshift [http://www.cosmologystatement.org/], and as an alternative interpretation of astromomical and laboratory observational data. The purpose of this article is not to judge the merit of each suggested redshift theory, nor even to judge whether they meet the criteria of a [[theory]], [[model]], [[hypothesis]] or other.
-Critics argue that all alternative redshift theories have been contested over the years, as they produce distorted redshifted spectra. These distinctive spectral signatures also often provides a means of distinguishing the actual mechanisms involved. For example, [[Brillouin scattering]] will shift spectral lines [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?db_key=AST&db_key=PHY&sim_query=YES&aut_xct=NO&aut_logic=OR&obj_logic=OR&author=&object=&start_mon=&start_year=&end_mon=&end_year=&ttl_logic=AND&title=%22Brillouin+shift%22+&txt_logic=AND&text=&nr_to_return=100&start_nr=1&jou_pick=ALL&ref_stems=&data_and=ALL&group_and=ALL&start_entry_day=&start_entry_mon=&start_entry_year=&end_entry_day=&end_entry_mon=&end_entry_year=&min_score=&sort=SCORE&data_type=SHORT&aut_syn=YES&ttl_syn=YES&txt_syn=YES&aut_wt=1.0&obj_wt=1.0&ttl_wt=0.3&txt_wt=3.0&aut_wgt=YES&obj_wgt=YES&ttl_wgt=YES&txt_wgt=YES&ttl_sco=YES&txt_sco=YES&version=1] (also called a redshift, [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2000EPJB...18...31L&amp;db_key=PHY&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c17711]), but also produce a characteristic triplet [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1997APS..MAR.I1503G&amp;db_key=PHY&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c15959].
-==Redshift name types resulting from alternative theories==
-Several different names have been given to redshifts that are presumed due to alternative theories; It is noted that some of these may also applied to accepted redshift causes. These include:
-<table cellpadding=1 cellspacing=0 border=1 align=center>
-<tr align=center bgcolor=#eeeeee><td rowspan=2>'''Redshift term'''</td><td colspan=2>'''Examples papers using term'''</td><td colspan=2>'''[[Google test]]s'''</td></tr>
-<tr align=center bgcolor=#eeeeee><td>'''in title'''</td><td>'''in abstract'''</td><td>'''Google Web'''</td><td>'''[http://books.google.com/ Google Books]'''</td></tr>
-<tr><td>Intrinsic redshift</td><td align=center>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?db_key=AST&db_key=PHY&sim_query=YES&aut_xct=NO&aut_logic=OR&obj_logic=OR&author=&object=&start_mon=&start_year=&end_mon=&end_year=&ttl_logic=OR&title=%22intrinsic+redshift%22&txt_logic=OR&text=&nr_to_return=100&start_nr=1&jou_pick=ALL&ref_stems=&data_and=ALL&group_and=ALL&start_entry_day=&start_entry_mon=&start_entry_year=&end_entry_day=&end_entry_mon=&end_entry_year=&min_score=&sort=SCORE&data_type=SHORT&aut_syn=YES&ttl_syn=YES&txt_syn=YES&aut_wt=1.0&obj_wt=1.0&ttl_wt=0.3&txt_wt=3.0&aut_wgt=YES&obj_wgt=YES&ttl_wgt=YES&txt_wgt=YES&ttl_sco=YES&txt_sco=YES&version=1 Show] (&nbsp;5)</td><td align=center>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?db_key=AST&db_key=PHY&sim_query=YES&aut_xct=NO&aut_logic=OR&obj_logic=OR&author=&object=&start_mon=&start_year=&end_mon=&end_year=&ttl_logic=OR&title=&txt_logic=OR&text=%22intrinsic+redshift%22&nr_to_return=100&start_nr=1&jou_pick=ALL&ref_stems=&data_and=ALL&group_and=ALL&start_entry_day=&start_entry_mon=&start_entry_year=&end_entry_day=&end_entry_mon=&end_entry_year=&min_score=&sort=SCORE&data_type=SHORT&aut_syn=YES&ttl_syn=YES&txt_syn=YES&aut_wt=1.0&obj_wt=1.0&ttl_wt=0.3&txt_wt=3.0&aut_wgt=YES&obj_wgt=YES&ttl_wgt=YES&txt_wgt=YES&ttl_sco=YES&txt_sco=YES&version=1 Show] (48)</td><td>[http://www.google.co.uk/search?num=100&hl=en&safe=off&c2coff=1&as_qdr=all&q=+%22Intrinsic+redshift%22&btnG=Search&meta= Show] (708)</td><td align=center>[http://books.google.com/books?q=%22Intrinsic+redshift%22&btnG=Search+Books&hl=en Show] (58)</td></tr>
-<tr><td>Non-cosmological redshift</td><td align=center>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?db_key=AST&db_key=PHY&sim_query=YES&aut_xct=NO&aut_logic=OR&obj_logic=OR&author=&object=&start_mon=&start_year=&end_mon=&end_year=&ttl_logic=OR&title=%22Non-cosmological+redshift%22&txt_logic=OR&text=&nr_to_return=100&start_nr=1&jou_pick=ALL&ref_stems=&data_and=ALL&group_and=ALL&start_entry_day=&start_entry_mon=&start_entry_year=&end_entry_day=&end_entry_mon=&end_entry_year=&min_score=&sort=SCORE&data_type=SHORT&aut_syn=YES&ttl_syn=YES&txt_syn=YES&aut_wt=1.0&obj_wt=1.0&ttl_wt=0.3&txt_wt=3.0&aut_wgt=YES&obj_wgt=YES&ttl_wgt=YES&txt_wgt=YES&ttl_sco=YES&txt_sco=YES&version=1 Show] (&nbsp;7)</td><td align=center>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?db_key=AST&db_key=PHY&sim_query=YES&aut_xct=NO&aut_logic=OR&obj_logic=OR&author=&object=&start_mon=&start_year=&end_mon=&end_year=&ttl_logic=OR&title=&txt_logic=OR&text=%22Non-cosmological+redshift%22&nr_to_return=100&start_nr=1&jou_pick=ALL&ref_stems=&data_and=ALL&group_and=ALL&start_entry_day=&start_entry_mon=&start_entry_year=&end_entry_day=&end_entry_mon=&end_entry_year=&min_score=&sort=SCORE&data_type=SHORT&aut_syn=YES&ttl_syn=YES&txt_syn=YES&aut_wt=1.0&obj_wt=1.0&ttl_wt=0.3&txt_wt=3.0&aut_wgt=YES&obj_wgt=YES&ttl_wgt=YES&txt_wgt=YES&ttl_sco=YES&txt_sco=YES&version=1 Show] (16)</td><td>[http://www.google.co.uk/search?num=100&hl=en&safe=off&c2coff=1&as_qdr=all&q=%22Non-cosmological+redshifts%22&btnG=Search&meta= Show] (218)</td><td align=center>[http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&q=%22Non-cosmological+redshifts%22&btnG=Search Show] (42)</td></tr>
-<tr><td>Non-velocity redshifts<br>or Non-Doppler Redshift</td><td align=center>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?db_key=AST&db_key=PHY&sim_query=YES&aut_xct=NO&aut_logic=OR&obj_logic=OR&author=&object=&start_mon=&start_year=&end_mon=&end_year=&ttl_logic=OR&title=%22Non-velocity+redshifts%22&txt_logic=OR&text=&nr_to_return=100&start_nr=1&jou_pick=ALL&ref_stems=&data_and=ALL&group_and=ALL&start_entry_day=&start_entry_mon=&start_entry_year=&end_entry_day=&end_entry_mon=&end_entry_year=&min_score=&sort=SCORE&data_type=SHORT&aut_syn=YES&ttl_syn=YES&txt_syn=YES&aut_wt=1.0&obj_wt=1.0&ttl_wt=0.3&txt_wt=3.0&aut_wgt=YES&obj_wgt=YES&ttl_wgt=YES&txt_wgt=YES&ttl_sco=YES&txt_sco=YES&version=1 Show] (&nbsp;7)<br>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?db_key=AST&db_key=PHY&sim_query=YES&aut_xct=NO&aut_logic=OR&obj_logic=OR&author=&object=&start_mon=&start_year=&end_mon=&end_year=&ttl_logic=OR&title=%22Non-Doppler+Redshift%22&txt_logic=OR&text=&nr_to_return=100&start_nr=1&jou_pick=ALL&ref_stems=&data_and=ALL&group_and=ALL&start_entry_day=&start_entry_mon=&start_entry_year=&end_entry_day=&end_entry_mon=&end_entry_year=&min_score=&sort=SCORE&data_type=SHORT&aut_syn=YES&ttl_syn=YES&txt_syn=YES&aut_wt=1.0&obj_wt=1.0&ttl_wt=0.3&txt_wt=3.0&aut_wgt=YES&obj_wgt=YES&ttl_wgt=YES&txt_wgt=YES&ttl_sco=YES&txt_sco=YES&version=1 Show] (&nbsp;4)</td><td align=center>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?db_key=AST&db_key=PHY&sim_query=YES&aut_xct=NO&aut_logic=OR&obj_logic=OR&author=&object=&start_mon=&start_year=&end_mon=&end_year=&ttl_logic=OR&title=&txt_logic=OR&text=%22Non-velocity+redshifts%22&nr_to_return=100&start_nr=1&jou_pick=ALL&ref_stems=&data_and=ALL&group_and=ALL&start_entry_day=&start_entry_mon=&start_entry_year=&end_entry_day=&end_entry_mon=&end_entry_year=&min_score=&sort=SCORE&data_type=SHORT&aut_syn=YES&ttl_syn=YES&txt_syn=YES&aut_wt=1.0&obj_wt=1.0&ttl_wt=0.3&txt_wt=3.0&aut_wgt=YES&obj_wgt=YES&ttl_wgt=YES&txt_wgt=YES&ttl_sco=YES&txt_sco=YES&version=1 Show] (&nbsp;7)<br>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?db_key=AST&db_key=PHY&sim_query=YES&aut_xct=NO&aut_logic=OR&obj_logic=OR&author=&object=&start_mon=&start_year=&end_mon=&end_year=&ttl_logic=OR&title=&txt_logic=OR&text=%22Non-Doppler+Redshift%22&nr_to_return=100&start_nr=1&jou_pick=ALL&ref_stems=&data_and=ALL&group_and=ALL&start_entry_day=&start_entry_mon=&start_entry_year=&end_entry_day=&end_entry_mon=&end_entry_year=&min_score=&sort=SCORE&data_type=SHORT&aut_syn=YES&ttl_syn=YES&txt_syn=YES&aut_wt=1.0&obj_wt=1.0&ttl_wt=0.3&txt_wt=3.0&aut_wgt=YES&obj_wgt=YES&ttl_wgt=YES&txt_wgt=YES&ttl_sco=YES&txt_sco=YES&version=1 Show] (12)</td><td>[http://www.google.co.uk/search?num=100&hl=en&safe=off&c2coff=1&as_qdr=all&q=%22Non-velocity+redshifts%22&btnG=Search&meta= Show] (136)<br>[http://www.google.co.uk/search?num=100&hl=en&safe=off&c2coff=1&as_qdr=all&q=%22Non-Doppler+Redshift%22&btnG=Search&meta= Show] (193)</td><td align=center>[http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&q=%22Non-cosmological+redshifts%22&btnG=Search Show] (42)<br>[http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&q=%22Non-Doppler+Redshifts%22&btnG=Search Show] (&nbsp;1)</td></tr>
-<tr><td>Anomalous Redshift<br>or Discordant redshifts</td><td align=center>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?db_key=AST&db_key=PHY&sim_query=YES&aut_xct=NO&aut_logic=OR&obj_logic=OR&author=&object=&start_mon=&start_year=&end_mon=&end_year=&ttl_logic=OR&title=%22Anomalous+Redshift%22&txt_logic=OR&text=&nr_to_return=100&start_nr=1&jou_pick=ALL&ref_stems=&data_and=ALL&group_and=ALL&start_entry_day=&start_entry_mon=&start_entry_year=&end_entry_day=&end_entry_mon=&end_entry_year=&min_score=&sort=SCORE&data_type=SHORT&aut_syn=YES&ttl_syn=YES&txt_syn=YES&aut_wt=1.0&obj_wt=1.0&ttl_wt=0.3&txt_wt=3.0&aut_wgt=YES&obj_wgt=YES&ttl_wgt=YES&txt_wgt=YES&ttl_sco=YES&txt_sco=YES&version=1 Show] (24)<br>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?db_key=AST&db_key=PHY&sim_query=YES&aut_xct=NO&aut_logic=OR&obj_logic=OR&author=&object=&start_mon=&start_year=&end_mon=&end_year=&ttl_logic=OR&title=%22Discordant+redshifts%22&txt_logic=OR&text=&nr_to_return=100&start_nr=1&jou_pick=ALL&ref_stems=&data_and=ALL&group_and=ALL&start_entry_day=&start_entry_mon=&start_entry_year=&end_entry_day=&end_entry_mon=&end_entry_year=&min_score=&sort=SCORE&data_type=SHORT&aut_syn=YES&ttl_syn=YES&txt_syn=YES&aut_wt=1.0&obj_wt=1.0&ttl_wt=0.3&txt_wt=3.0&aut_wgt=YES&obj_wgt=YES&ttl_wgt=YES&txt_wgt=YES&ttl_sco=YES&txt_sco=YES&version=1 Show] (25)</td><td align=center>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?db_key=AST&db_key=PHY&sim_query=YES&aut_xct=NO&aut_logic=OR&obj_logic=OR&author=&object=&start_mon=&start_year=&end_mon=&end_year=&ttl_logic=OR&title=&txt_logic=OR&text=%22Anomalous+Redshift%22&nr_to_return=100&start_nr=1&jou_pick=ALL&ref_stems=&data_and=ALL&group_and=ALL&start_entry_day=&start_entry_mon=&start_entry_year=&end_entry_day=&end_entry_mon=&end_entry_year=&min_score=&sort=SCORE&data_type=SHORT&aut_syn=YES&ttl_syn=YES&txt_syn=YES&aut_wt=1.0&obj_wt=1.0&ttl_wt=0.3&txt_wt=3.0&aut_wgt=YES&obj_wgt=YES&ttl_wgt=YES&txt_wgt=YES&ttl_sco=YES&txt_sco=YES&version=1 Show] (58)<br>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?db_key=AST&db_key=PHY&sim_query=YES&aut_xct=NO&aut_logic=OR&obj_logic=OR&author=&object=&start_mon=&start_year=&end_mon=&end_year=&ttl_logic=OR&title=&txt_logic=OR&text=%22Discordant+redshifts%22&nr_to_return=100&start_nr=1&jou_pick=ALL&ref_stems=&data_and=ALL&group_and=ALL&start_entry_day=&start_entry_mon=&start_entry_year=&end_entry_day=&end_entry_mon=&end_entry_year=&min_score=&sort=SCORE&data_type=SHORT&aut_syn=YES&ttl_syn=YES&txt_syn=YES&aut_wt=1.0&obj_wt=1.0&ttl_wt=0.3&txt_wt=3.0&aut_wgt=YES&obj_wgt=YES&ttl_wgt=YES&txt_wgt=YES&ttl_sco=YES&txt_sco=YES&version=1 Show] (52)</td><td>[http://www.google.co.uk/search?num=100&hl=en&safe=off&c2coff=1&as_qdr=all&q=%22Anomalous+Redshifts%22&btnG=Search&meta= Show] (356)<br>[http://www.google.co.uk/search?num=100&hl=en&safe=off&c2coff=1&as_qdr=all&q=%22Discordant+redshift%22&btnG=Search&meta= Show] (530)</td><td align=center>[http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&q=%22Anomalous+Redshifts%22&btnG=Search Show] (34)<br>[http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&q=%22Discordant+redshifts%22&btnG=Search Show] (31)</td></tr>
-</table>
-<center>Figures compiled 2 Jan 2006</center>
-==Summary of alternative redshift theories==
-This is a selection of redshift theories that have been published over the years, that claim a cause that is not due to either Cosmological redshift (Friedmann), Doppler redshift, nor Gravitational redshift (Schwarzschild).
-*1909 [[John Evershed]]'s "Evershed Effect"[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1914Obs....37..388E&amp;db_key=AST&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c11031] in the penumbra of sunspots [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1995ApJ...445..511R&amp;db_key=AST&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c09418] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2000eaa..bookE2031D&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=42ca922c9c05216]. This is a redshift due to radial velocity of sunspots. This is an observation, not a theory, and is not "alternative".
-*1923 '''[[Compton scattering]]''' is [[Arthur Compton]]'s Nobel Prize-winning theory which causes spectral shifts. However, critics note that it also causes blurring which is not seen in the redshifts of distant objects. [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1968SoPh....3..450K&amp;db_key=AST&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c22229] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1995QJRAS..36..279N&amp;db_key=AST&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c22229] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2000SouSt..38..247W&amp;db_key=AST&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c22229] [http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/kierein.html].
-*1929 '''[[Tired light]]''' is [[Fritz Zwicky]]'s theory that as photons move through space, they loose energy [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1929PNAS...15..773Z]. Critics note several problems with tired light models in explaining the [[Hubble Law]]. It is not accepted by mainstream cosmologists as a mechanism. [http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/tiredlit.htm]
-*1955 M. A. Melvin's photon radiation density and path length [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1955PhRv...98..884M&db_key=PHY&data_type=HTML&format=]
-*1972 Dror Sadeh ''et al'', "Effect of Mass on Frequency" [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1968Sci...161..567S&db_key=GEN&data_type=HTML&format=]
-*1972 Daniel M. Greenberger's theory of "variable mass particles" which proposes a "decay redshift" [http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JMAPAQ000015000004000395000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes]
-*1972 D.K. Ross's "New Red-Shift Mechanism for Quasars" using the variation of particle rest mass [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1973A&A....24..471R]
-*1972 J.C. Pecker, ''et al'' photon-photon interaction (in Pecker, J. C., Roberts, A. P., and Vigier, J. P., 1972, Non-velocity redshifts and photon-photon interactions: ''Nature'', v. 237, p. 227-229). But see also [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1979MNRAS.186..501D]
-*1972 S. Urbanovich's "external influences" [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1972SvA....15..756U&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=]
-*1974 [[Halton Arp]] suggests that the redshift of some quasars and galaxies may be non-velocity [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1974fdg..symp..199A&amp;db_key=AST&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c19030], and non-cosmological [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1974IAUS...63...61A&amp;db_key=AST&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c19030] (see also 1997 below).
-*1974 P. Merat ''et al'', "Interaction between incident transverse photons and light neutral bosons" [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1974A%26A....30..167M&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=]
-*1976 Z. Maric et al, Photon-boson scattering [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1976A%26A....53..191M&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=]
-*1976 X.-Q. Li's photon motion in the discrete space-time under the photon's own force field [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1976AcASn..17..129L&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=]
-*1977 J. V. Narlikar's variable mass version of general relativity [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1977dreu.coll..497N&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=42ca922c9c26345]  [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1973ApJ...182..343B&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=]
-*1977 Susan M. Simkin's "Simkin effect" [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1977A%26A....55..369S&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1978ApJ...220..418T&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=] which is a description of one of the effects of [[light pollution]].
-*1979 E. Schatzman's "Ageing of photons by collisions with a hypothetical particle" [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1979A%26A....74...12S&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=]
-*1979 E. R. Harrison  and T. W. Noonan's "Interpretation of extragalactic redshifts" as ""Corrected" redshifts" [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1979ApJ...232...18H]
-*1984 William G Tifft et al, "Global redshift quantization" [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1984ApJ...287..492T&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=42ca922c9c03653] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1999IAUS..194..290N&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=42ca922c9c03851] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004Ap%26SS.291...99H&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=42ca922c9c03851]
-*1987 [[Emil Wolf]]'s "[[Wolf effect]]" [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1987Natur.326..363W&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML] , confirmed in the laboratory by Dean Faklis and George Morris in 1988 [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1988OptL...13....4F&db_key=PHY&data_type=HTML]. The frequency shift is generally not disortion free. However, in 1996, Wolf and  Daniel F. V James reported that "under certain circumstances the changes in the spectrum of light scattered on random media may imitate the Doppler effect" [http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0034-4885/59/6/002/] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2000A%26A...353.1134R&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML]
-*1990 Paul Marmet's inelastic transmission of photons in gases [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1990ITPS...18...56M&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=42ca922c9c03127]
-*1997 [[Halton Arp]] suggests that redshift is a measure of age, rather than distance [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1997JApA...18..393A&amp;db_key=AST&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c21477], based on Narlikar's variable mass version of general relativity [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WB1-4DDR21F-60&_coverDate=09%2F06%2F1977&_alid=350433046&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=6697&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=33aec00208bd96fde65631f16d27405a] (resulting in Arp's book, ''Seeing Red'').
-*2000 Ari Brynjolfsson's "Plasma redshift", that the interaction of photons with hot sparse electron plasma may produce a redshift [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2000APS..APRJ16005B&amp;db_key=PHY&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c30465]  [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0406437] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005APS..APR.C9008B&amp;db_key=PHY&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c30465]
-*2003 '''[[CREIL]]''' (Coherent Raman Effect on Incoherent Light) has been proposed by Jacques Moret-Bailly [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2003APS..APR.R9006M&amp;db_key=PHY&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c28155] [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0401529]
-*2004 Charles Gallo's "Neutrino redshifts" [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004APS..APRV13009G&amp;db_key=PHY&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c16533] (not a new theory, but a proposal to look for redshifts in neutrino spectra)
-To this list may be added several theories based on [[scattering]] processes, such as [[Brillouin scattering]], [[Compton scattering]], [[Raman scattering]] and [[Rayleigh scattering]].
-==Alternative redshift theory categorisation==
-Over the years, many peer-reviewed theories have been published attempting to explain the cause of intrinsic redshift. Most theories have been contested, and none have been accepted by mainstream science.
-In 1981, Henri Reboul published a paper ''Untrivial redshifts - A bibliographical catalogue'' in which "We arbitrarily define as trivial a redshift which can be easily explained by a combination of the three following effects: Doppler, Schwarzschild, Friedmann." (ie. Doppler, Gravitational and Cosmological reshifts). The paper includes "seven hundred and seventy-two coded references, covering 70 years of study of anomalous, i.e., untrivial redshifts (NTZ), are presented. Definitions are given for trivial Z and for the classical theories, and lists are presented for 17 classes of NTZ and 19 classes of unclassical theories". {{ref|Reboul1981}}
-<table border=1 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=0>
-<tr align=center><td colspan=3>'''Reboul's categorisation of "non-trivial redshift" papers''' [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/A%2BAS./0045//0000131.000.html]</td></tr>
-<tr align=center bgcolor=#eeeeee><td>'''Astronomical object<br>refered to in papers'''</td><td>'''Nature of<br>published papers'''</td><td>'''Favoured interpretation<br>by the paper's author(s)'''</td></tr>
-<tr valign=top>
-<td>
-<ol>
-<li>Inhomogeneity of the Hubble Law
-<li>Anisotropy of the Hubble Law
-<li>Multiple redshifts
-<li>Redshifts on or by the Sun
-<li>Uncoded
-<li>3 K radiation
-<li>General problem of redshifts
-<li>Superluminal expansions
-<li>Associations
-<li>(g, m) relation
-<li>Companion galaxies
-<li>Redshifts of stars
-<li>Energetics, evolution and position of objects
-<li>Morphological redshifts
-<li>No direct concern with NTZ
-</td>
-<td>
-<ol>
-<li>Statistical study on quasars
-<li>Statistical study on non-quasars objects
-<li>Methodology of redshifts measurements
-<li>Methodology of magnitudes measurements
-<li>Methodology of redshifts and magnitudes measurements
-<li>New experimental results except for magnitudes and redshifts
-<li>Theory; Physical process
-<li>Review paper; catalogue
-<li>New experimental results for redshifts of quasars
-<li>New experimental results for magnitudes of quasars
-<li>New experimental results for redshifts and magnitudes of quasars
-<li>New experimental results of redshifts of non-quasar objects
-<li>New experimental results of magnitudes of non-quasar objects
-<li>New experimental results of redshifts and magnitudes of non-quasar objects
-</td>
-<td>
-<ol>
-<li>Several competitive interpretations
-<li>Continuity between quasars and common objects
-<li>High velocity of the Sun
-<li>Value of Ho
-<li>Relativistic objects
-<li>Superclusters or inhomogeneities — 100 Mpc
-<li>Intrinsic redshift of undefined origin
-<li>Gravitational redshift
-<li>Classical explanation (Friedmann, Classical Physics, black holes...)
-<li>Classical explanation through bias
-<li>Variation of constants, LNH
-<li>Perturbed cosmologies
-<li>Unsignificativeness of used statistics
-<li>Photon-photon, photon-boson interactions
-<li>No interpretation of NTZ
-</td></tr>
-</table>
-==Conferences==
-The April Meeting 2003 of The American Physics Society, a session was devoted to "Non-Doppler Redshift Mechanisms with Possible Cosmological Applications" [http://www.aps.org/meet/APR03/baps/abs/S3890.html], and in 2005 the Alternative Cosmology Group held the "1st Crisis In Cosmology Conference" that included papers on "Old massive galaxies at large redshifts" [http://www.cosmology.info/2005conference/].
+With improved [[telescopes]], the host [[galaxies]] for many quasars have been found at the same [[redshift]] as the quasars themselves, thus convincing most astronomers that quasars really are the core of distant [[active galactic nuclei]] and do not have a significant intrinsic component. Arp continues to maintain that there are discrepancies and "discordant redshifts" observed and does not accept the general [[scientific consensus|consensus]] {{ref|Arp2003}} due to what he perceives as systemic bias in the [[scientific community]].
 ==References==
@@ Line 133: / Line 13: @@
 * {{note|Arp2003}} Arp, Halton C., [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2003cdra.book.....A&amp;db_key=AST&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c15416 Catalogue of discordant redshift associations] (2003)
-* {{note|Burbidge1968}} Burbidge, Geoffrey, [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1968ApJ...154L..41B&amp;db_key=AST&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c25017 The Distribution of Redshifts in Quasi-Stellar Objects, N-Systems and Some Radio and Compact Galaxies] (1968) Astrophysical Journal, vol. 154, p.L41
+* {{note|Narlikar1977}} Narlikar, J. V., [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1977dreu.coll..497N&amp;db_key=AST&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c26345 Non-Cosmological Redshifts] (1977)
-* {{note|Narlikar1977}} Narlikar, J. V., [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1977dreu.coll..497N&amp;db_key=AST&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c26345 Non-Cosmological Redshifts] (1977)
-*{{note|Reboul1981}} Reboul, H. J. [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1981A%26AS...45..129R&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=42ca922c9c23806 Untrivial redshifts - A bibliographical catalogue] (1981) Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, vol. 45, July 1981, p. 129-144. [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1981A%26AS...45..129R Full text]
-* {{note|Simkins1972}} Simkins, S. M., [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1972Natur.239...43S&amp;db_key=AST&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c24689 Small "non-velocity" redshifts in galaxies], Nature, 239, 43-44
-==See also==
-*[[Redshift]]
-*[[Scattering]]
-:* [[Brillouin scattering]]
-:* [[Compton scattering]]
-:* [[CREIL]] (Coherent Raman Effect on Incoherent Light)
-:* [[Neutron scattering]]
-:* [[Raman scattering]]
-:* [[Rayleigh scattering]]
-:* [[Rutherford scattering]]
-:* [[Thomson scattering]]
-:* [[Wolf effect]]
-[[Category:Cosmology]]
-[[Category:Scattering]]