Jørgen Jørgensen's Revolution: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Revolution on Iceland}} |
{{Short description|Revolution on Iceland}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}} |
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{{Infobox military conflict |
{{Infobox military conflict |
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| conflict = Jørgen Jørgensen's Revolution |
| conflict = Jørgen Jørgensen's Revolution |
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| image_size = 300 |
| image_size = 300 |
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| caption = ''[[Admiral Juel]]'' captured by ''[[HMS Sappho (1806)|HMS Sappho]]'' |
| caption = ''[[Admiral Juel]]'' captured by ''[[HMS Sappho (1806)|HMS Sappho]]'' |
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| date = 26 June 1809 |
| date = 26 June 1809 | result = Revolutionary failure |
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| result = Revolutionary failure |
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| territory = Danish government restored |
| territory = Danish government restored |
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| coordinates = {{coord|64|08|48|N|21|56|24|W|display=inline,title}} |
| coordinates = {{coord|64|08|48|N|21|56|24|W|display=inline,title}} |
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| units1 = ''[[HMS Talbot]]'' |
| units1 = ''[[HMS Talbot]]'' |
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| units2 = ''Clarence<br />Margaret and Ann'' |
| units2 = ''Clarence<br />Margaret and Ann'' |
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| strength2 = 2 vessels<br /> |
| strength2 = 2 vessels<br />8–12 men<br />10 guns<ref name=":6" /> |
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| strength1 = 1 ''[[HMS]]'' |
| strength1 = 1 ''[[HMS]]'' |
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| commander1 = {{Flagicon|Denmark-Norway}} [[Frederich Christopher Trampe, Count of Trampe|Christopher Trampe]]<br />{{flagicon|UKGBI|naval}} Alexander Jones |
| commander1 = {{Flagicon|Denmark-Norway}} [[Frederich Christopher Trampe, Count of Trampe|Christopher Trampe]]<br />{{flagicon|UKGBI|naval}} Alexander Jones |
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| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Danish colonial conflicts}} |
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Danish colonial conflicts}} |
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The '''Jørgen Jørgensen's Revolution''' ([[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]: ''Bylting Jørgen Jørgensen'') other spelling includes, '''Jørgen Jürgensen's Revolution''' and '''Jørgen Jorgenson's Revolution''')<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilde |first1=William H | last2 = Hooton | first2 = Joy | last3 = Andrews | first3 = Barry | title=Oxford Companion to Australian Literature |year=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=2nd |isbn=0-19-553381-X | url = https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000wild/mode/2up?view=theater | url-access = registration|page=418}}</ref> was a revolution on [[Iceland]], instituted by the [[Danes|Danish]] |
The '''Jørgen Jørgensen's Revolution''' ([[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]: ''Bylting Jørgen Jørgensen'') other spelling includes, '''Jørgen Jürgensen's Revolution''' and '''Jørgen Jorgenson's Revolution''')<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilde |first1=William H | last2 = Hooton | first2 = Joy | last3 = Andrews | first3 = Barry | title=Oxford Companion to Australian Literature |year=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=2nd |isbn=0-19-553381-X | url = https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000wild/mode/2up?view=theater | url-access = registration|page=418}}</ref> was a revolution on [[Iceland]], instituted by the [[Danes|Danish]] adventurer [[Jørgen Jørgensen]] during the [[Age of Revolution]]. His intent was to establish a liberal society in the spirit of those emerging in [[the Americas]] and Europe at the time. The events have also been referred to as '''The Revolution of 1809.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mentz |first=Søren |url=https://s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/unipress/100+danmarkshistorier/Den+islandkse+revolution/9788771845273_Den+islandske+revolution.pdf |title=Jørgen Jürgensens revolution |publisher=Aarhus Universitetsforlag |pages=2}}</ref>''' |
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== Background == |
== Background == |
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}}Denmark-Norway was during the |
}}Denmark-Norway was during the 18th century an ideal enlightened absolutist state.<ref name=":0">Henry Steele Commager, "Struensee and the Enlightenment," in Commager, ''The search for a usable past, and other essays in historiography'' (1967) pp 349–623.</ref> And turned the revolutionary ideas down by reforming the country, under the leadership of privy councillor, [[Johann Friedrich Struensee]], and the young [[prince regent]] and later king, [[Frederick VI of Denmark|Frederick]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://unipress.dk/media/17717/stavnsbaandet_smagsproeve.pdf |title=Frederik 6. og stavnsbåndet |language=Danish |trans-title=Frederick VI and ''Stavnsbåndet''}}</ref> During his earlier reign, Frederick abolished [[Serfdom]] in 1788, [[hanging]] as a capital punishment in 1789 and [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]] in 1803.<ref name=":1" /> |
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In [[Norway]] revolutionary ideas were bigger, yet still small in contrast to the French. [[Norges Skaal|''Norges Skaal'']], was banned by [[Dano-Norwegian]] officials in 1772,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Norway (to 1820) |url=https://nationalanthems.info/no-20.htm |website=Nationalanthems.info}}</ref> and was labelled "''the [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] [[La Marseillaise|Marseillaise]]''".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Munk |first=Kaj |url=https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/621646954/Kaj_Munk_Antologi_OA.pdf |title=An Introduction to a Controversial Danish Priest, Playwright, and Debater in the Inter-Bellum |publisher=[[Aalborg University]] |year=2023 |pages=155}}</ref> On the other hand, according to [[Mary Wollstonecraft]] Norway appeared to enjoy all aspects of freedom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morley |first=Henry |title=Letters written during a short residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3529/3529-h/3529-h.htm |website=The Project Gutenberg}}</ref> |
In [[Norway]] revolutionary ideas were bigger, yet still small in contrast to the French. [[Norges Skaal|''Norges Skaal'']], was banned by [[Dano-Norwegian]] officials in 1772,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Norway (to 1820) |url=https://nationalanthems.info/no-20.htm |website=Nationalanthems.info}}</ref> and was labelled "''the [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] [[La Marseillaise|Marseillaise]]''".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Munk |first=Kaj |url=https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/621646954/Kaj_Munk_Antologi_OA.pdf |title=An Introduction to a Controversial Danish Priest, Playwright, and Debater in the Inter-Bellum |publisher=[[Aalborg University]] |year=2023 |pages=155}}</ref> On the other hand, according to [[Mary Wollstonecraft]] Norway appeared to enjoy all aspects of freedom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morley |first=Henry |title=Letters written during a short residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3529/3529-h/3529-h.htm |website=The Project Gutenberg}}</ref> |
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=== Jergensen's role in The English Wars === |
=== Jergensen's role in The English Wars === |
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{{Further|Action of 2 March 1808|Admiral Juel}}{{See also|Battle of Copenhagen (1807)}}In response to the Battle of Copenhagen, Denmark [[Gunboat War|declared war]] on the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Jørgen Jørgensen: the King of Iceland |url=https://www.readingmuseum.org.uk/blog/j%C3%B8rgen-j%C3%B8rgensen-king-iceland |website=Reading Museum}}</ref> Jørgensen enlisted in the [[Royal Danish Navy|Danish navy]] and was made captain of the privateer brig, the ''[[Admiral Juel]]'' ( |
{{Further|Action of 2 March 1808|Admiral Juel}}{{See also|Battle of Copenhagen (1807)}}In response to the Battle of Copenhagen, Denmark [[Gunboat War|declared war]] on the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Jørgen Jørgensen: the King of Iceland |url=https://www.readingmuseum.org.uk/blog/j%C3%B8rgen-j%C3%B8rgensen-king-iceland |website=Reading Museum}}</ref> Jørgensen enlisted in the [[Royal Danish Navy|Danish navy]] and was made captain of the privateer brig, the ''[[Admiral Juel]]'' (English: Admiral Jawl)<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">''The English Dane'', Sarah Bakewell</ref> Jorgensen's [[Seamanship|seafaring]] background quickly paid off, and in a couple of months he had captured three [[Prize ship|prizes]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> However, [[Action of 2 March 1808|he was intercepted]] off the coast of [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]] and was brought to London.<ref name=":4" /> |
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== Revolution == |
== Revolution == |
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In England, Jørgensen learned about the impact of the war in Iceland from Icelandic |
In England, Jørgensen learned about the impact of the war in Iceland from Icelandic merchants. Since the loss of the Danish fleet, [[Norway]], [[Iceland]] and [[Greenland]] couldn't receive their needed supplies from Denmark.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">''Iceland's 1100 Years: History of a Marginal Society'', by Gunnar Karlsson</ref> This, including the recently ended [[Danish trade monopoly in Iceland|Danish trade monopoly over Iceland]], and a [[Laki#1783 eruption|volcanic eruption in 1783]] where over nine thousand [[Icelanders]] died,<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk2">{{cite news |last=Rincon |first=Paul |date=25 May 2004 |title=Volcano 'drove up UK death toll' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3745749.stm |access-date=13 November 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref> led to a weak Iceland which Jørgensen saw to exploit.<ref name=":3" /> |
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=== First expedition to Iceland === |
=== First expedition to Iceland === |
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On |
On 29 December 1808, at [[Port of Liverpool|Liverpool habour]], Jørgensen accompanied and financed by James Savignac and Samuel Phelps, with the additional help of [[Joseph Banks|Sir Joseph Banks]], embarked for Iceland with supplies for the starving population.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> |
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Their vessel ''Clarence'' met hostile resistance from the Danish government at [[Reykjavík]], since it displayed the [[Union Jack]]<ref name=":4" /> Nevertheless, Jørgensen forced an agreement to bring the [[humanitarian aid]] ashore.<ref name=":4" /> Though, Jørgensen, Phelps, and Banks' humanitarian efforts faced challenges in Reykjavik, as the city's population of around 300 residents were predominantly linked to the |
Their vessel ''Clarence'' met hostile resistance from the Danish government at [[Reykjavík]], since it displayed the [[Union Jack]]<ref name=":4" /> Nevertheless, Jørgensen forced an agreement to bring the [[humanitarian aid]] ashore.<ref name=":4" /> Though, Jørgensen, Phelps, and Banks' humanitarian efforts faced challenges in Reykjavik, as the city's population of around 300 residents were predominantly linked to the colonial Danish government and enjoyed [[Privilege (law)|privileged]] status.<ref name=":5" /> This population did not represent the rural Icelanders in need of assistance that the three sought to reach.<ref name=":3" /> |
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=== Second expedition === |
=== Second expedition === |
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=== Protector of Iceland === |
=== Protector of Iceland === |
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[[File:Flag of Jørgen Jørgensen (1809).svg|left|thumb|Flag of Iceland under Jørgensen (1809)]] |
[[File:Flag of Jørgen Jørgensen (1809).svg|left|thumb|Flag of Iceland under Jørgensen (1809)]] |
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Jørgensen envisioned an Iceland characterized by [[social democracy]] and [[liberty]], drawing inspiration from the revolutionary movements in [[United States|America]] and |
Jørgensen envisioned an Iceland characterized by [[social democracy]] and [[liberty]], drawing inspiration from the revolutionary movements in [[United States|America]] and France.<ref name=":5" /> He also attempted to restore the ancient ''[[Althing]]''.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> Jørgensen disrupted the exploitative practices and monopolies of the Danish colonists, including Count Trampe, by selling grain at significantly reduced prices. He conveyed his intentions through a series of [[proclamation]]s, gradually adopting a more regal tone.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> He adopted the title ''Protector of Iceland.<ref name=":4" />'' Jergensen's two-month-rule was harsh against the previous Danish rule and commanded that all guns, swords and ammunition should be handed over to Jørgensen and his crew and all representatives of [[Denmark]] should stay inside.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Giesler |first=Jens |title=Hundedagskongen Jørgen Jürgensen |url=https://milhist.dk/hundedagskongen-joergen-jurgensen/ |website=Dansk Militærhistorie|date=8 October 2023 }}</ref> If these commands were not followed, there would be capital punishment.<ref name=":6" /> Despite his brutal anti-Danish laws, the Icelanders were supportive of the revolution and enlisted in Jergenson's army.<ref name=":6" /> A defensive fort, called Fort Phelps was established.<ref>Lemurin Landztidini, ''Rester af Jörunds fæstning'', Arnarhóll i 1911, Helga H. Gudmunsson</ref> |
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=== British intervention === |
=== British intervention === |
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== Aftermath == |
== Aftermath == |
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With a short [[Icelandic independence movement|Icelandic independence]] from Denmark proved the big changes in the |
With a short [[Icelandic independence movement|Icelandic independence]] from Denmark proved the big changes in the 19th century for the [[Multinational state|multinational]] [[Danish Realm]],<ref name=":2" /> Five years later, Norway would too revolt against the provisions at [[Treaty of Kiel|Kiel]]. And forty years later, the [[Revolutions of 1848|national revolutions]] [[First Schleswig War|spread]] to [[Schleswig-Holstein|Schleswig and Holstein]].<ref name=":2" /> Jørgen Jørgensen was sat before the [[Courts of England and Wales|English court]]<ref>The London Gazette, 6 September 1814</ref> and would later settle in [[Tasmania]], participating in the [[Black War]].<ref name=":3" /> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 03:37, 29 April 2024
| Jørgen Jørgensen's Revolution | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Age of Revolution | |||||||||
 Admiral Juel captured by HMS Sappho | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Denmark-Norway United Kingdom |
.svg){kind=small} Revolutionaries | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
Christopher Trampe Alexander Jones |
Jørgen Jørgensen James Savignac Samuel Phelps | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
| HMS Talbot |
Clarence Margaret and Ann | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 1 HMS |
2 vessels 8–12 men 10 guns[1] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| None | 1 ship[2] | ||||||||
The Jørgen Jørgensen's Revolution (Icelandic: Bylting Jørgen Jørgensen) other spelling includes, Jørgen Jürgensen's Revolution and Jørgen Jorgenson's Revolution)[3] was a revolution on Iceland, instituted by the Danish adventurer Jørgen Jørgensen during the Age of Revolution. His intent was to establish a liberal society in the spirit of those emerging in the Americas and Europe at the time. The events have also been referred to as The Revolution of 1809.[4]
Background
_-_Frederik_VI,_King_of_Denmark_(1768-1839)_-_RCIN_404344_-_Royal_Collection.jpg)
Since the Age of Enlightenment, revolutionary ideas and reformism spread first to America and France, but soon also to the rest of the world, including the twin realms of Denmark–Norway.[5]
Enlightenment in Denmark and Norway
"You will be surprised to hear me talk of liberty; yet the Norwegians appear to me to be the most free community I have ever observed."
Mary Wollstonecraft, letter VII
Denmark-Norway was during the 18th century an ideal enlightened absolutist state.[6] And turned the revolutionary ideas down by reforming the country, under the leadership of privy councillor, Johann Friedrich Struensee, and the young prince regent and later king, Frederick.[6][7] During his earlier reign, Frederick abolished Serfdom in 1788, hanging as a capital punishment in 1789 and transatlantic slave trade in 1803.[7]
In Norway revolutionary ideas were bigger, yet still small in contrast to the French. Norges Skaal, was banned by Dano-Norwegian officials in 1772,[8] and was labelled "the Norwegian Marseillaise".[9] On the other hand, according to Mary Wollstonecraft Norway appeared to enjoy all aspects of freedom.[10]
The melting pot of Danish and Norwegian revolutionary and reformative ideas lay Copenhagen, where Jørgensen was born on 29 March 1790.[11][12] On his return from a global expedition, Jørgenson witnessed his home city of Copenhagen being embroiled in the Napoleonic Wars.[12][13]
Jergensen's role in The English Wars
In response to the Battle of Copenhagen, Denmark declared war on the United Kingdom.[2] Jørgensen enlisted in the Danish navy and was made captain of the privateer brig, the Admiral Juel (English: Admiral Jawl)[2][14] Jorgensen's seafaring background quickly paid off, and in a couple of months he had captured three prizes.[2][14] However, he was intercepted off the coast of Scarborough and was brought to London.[14]
Revolution
Situation in Iceland
.jpg)
In England, Jørgensen learned about the impact of the war in Iceland from Icelandic merchants. Since the loss of the Danish fleet, Norway, Iceland and Greenland couldn't receive their needed supplies from Denmark.[2][15] This, including the recently ended Danish trade monopoly over Iceland, and a volcanic eruption in 1783 where over nine thousand Icelanders died,[16] led to a weak Iceland which Jørgensen saw to exploit.[2]
First expedition to Iceland
"I laid out my plan without saying a word to anyone preferably, and as the following day was a Sunday, I went in land with 12 of my sailors as soon as I had seen that the whole town had gone into the church. I went straight there to the governor's house, split my little troop into two groups and posted six in front and six behind the building with orders to fire on anyone who tried to interrupt me. Then I opened the door and entered in armed with a couple of pistols. His Grace, there rested on a sofa, was somewhat surprised my sudden appearance. He was alone in the house except for the cook, who was busy making prepare the dinner, a couple of servants and a Danish Lady."[4] [17]
On 29 December 1808, at Liverpool habour, Jørgensen accompanied and financed by James Savignac and Samuel Phelps, with the additional help of Sir Joseph Banks, embarked for Iceland with supplies for the starving population.[2][15][14]
Their vessel Clarence met hostile resistance from the Danish government at Reykjavík, since it displayed the Union Jack[14] Nevertheless, Jørgensen forced an agreement to bring the humanitarian aid ashore.[14] Though, Jørgensen, Phelps, and Banks' humanitarian efforts faced challenges in Reykjavik, as the city's population of around 300 residents were predominantly linked to the colonial Danish government and enjoyed privileged status.[15] This population did not represent the rural Icelanders in need of assistance that the three sought to reach.[2]
Second expedition
In an attempt to recoup some of the merchants' losses from the first expedition, Jørgensen made a second expedition on the ship Margaret and Ann.[14] Local governor, Frederich Christopher Trampe, Count of Trampe had been absent from the island, when the trade agreement with Jørgensen had been made and immediately scrapped the agreement.[14][2] When Jørgen found out, he made a secret plan to overthrow the local government.[4] He besieged the governor's house and imprisoned him while the rest of the city were in church.[4]
"Unless some more bookish historian can cite an example, I don't know of one revolution in the annals of any nation which has passed more supple, more peaceful, or more resolute than this. The whole government of the island was changed in an instant. I was quite aware of the mood of the population before I made my plan, and knew that I was on safe grounds"[4][18]
Protector of Iceland
Jørgensen envisioned an Iceland characterized by social democracy and liberty, drawing inspiration from the revolutionary movements in America and France.[15] He also attempted to restore the ancient Althing.[2][15] Jørgensen disrupted the exploitative practices and monopolies of the Danish colonists, including Count Trampe, by selling grain at significantly reduced prices. He conveyed his intentions through a series of proclamations, gradually adopting a more regal tone.[15][14][2] He adopted the title Protector of Iceland.[14] Jergensen's two-month-rule was harsh against the previous Danish rule and commanded that all guns, swords and ammunition should be handed over to Jørgensen and his crew and all representatives of Denmark should stay inside.[1] If these commands were not followed, there would be capital punishment.[1] Despite his brutal anti-Danish laws, the Icelanders were supportive of the revolution and enlisted in Jergenson's army.[1] A defensive fort, called Fort Phelps was established.[19]
British intervention
Jergensen's successful revolution would not last long though, and on 22 August 1809, the British corvette Talbot, under the command of captain Alexander Jones arrived at the island. Not as an act to support Denmark, but rather because Jørgen had broken his promise, as a Prisoner of war, not to leave the British Isles.[1][4] Thus Jørgen Jørgensen was imprisoned, and the Danish government was re-established on the island.[4][1][15]
Aftermath
With a short Icelandic independence from Denmark proved the big changes in the 19th century for the multinational Danish Realm,[4] Five years later, Norway would too revolt against the provisions at Kiel. And forty years later, the national revolutions spread to Schleswig and Holstein.[4] Jørgen Jørgensen was sat before the English court[20] and would later settle in Tasmania, participating in the Black War.[2]
References
- ^ a b c d e f Giesler, Jens (8 October 2023). "Hundedagskongen Jørgen Jürgensen". Dansk Militærhistorie.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Jørgen Jørgensen: the King of Iceland". Reading Museum.
- ^ Wilde, William H; Hooton, Joy; Andrews, Barry (1994). Oxford Companion to Australian Literature (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 418. ISBN 0-19-553381-X.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Mentz, Søren. Jørgen Jürgensens revolution (PDF). Aarhus Universitetsforlag. p. 2.
- ^ Barton, Arnold (2011). "The Danish agrarian reforms, 1784–1814, and the historians". Scandinavian Economic History Review. 36: 46–61. doi:10.1080/03585522.1988.10408105.
- ^ a b Henry Steele Commager, "Struensee and the Enlightenment," in Commager, The search for a usable past, and other essays in historiography (1967) pp 349–623.
- ^ a b Frederik 6. og stavnsbåndet [Frederick VI and Stavnsbåndet] (PDF) (in Danish).
- ^ "Norway (to 1820)". Nationalanthems.info.
- ^ Munk, Kaj (2023). An Introduction to a Controversial Danish Priest, Playwright, and Debater in the Inter-Bellum (PDF). Aalborg University. p. 155.
- ^ Morley, Henry. "Letters written during a short residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark". The Project Gutenberg.
- ^ Hundedageskongen – beretningen om Jørgen Jürgensen, Preben Dich
- ^ a b Jørgensen, Jørgen. En deportert konge, eller beretningen om Jørgen Jürgensen, konge af Island [A deported king, or the account of Jørgen Jürgensen, king of Iceland] (in Danish). p. 40.
- ^ "Jørgen Jørgensen: the King of Iceland". Reading Museum.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j The English Dane, Sarah Bakewell
- ^ a b c d e f g Iceland's 1100 Years: History of a Marginal Society, by Gunnar Karlsson
- ^ Rincon, Paul (25 May 2004). "Volcano 'drove up UK death toll'". BBC News. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
- ^ En deportert konge, eller beretningen om Jørgen Jürgensen, konge af Island p40, Selfbiography
- ^ En deportert konge, eller beretningen om Jørgen Jürgensen, konge af Island p40, Selfbiography
- ^ Lemurin Landztidini, Rester af Jörunds fæstning, Arnarhóll i 1911, Helga H. Gudmunsson
- ^ The London Gazette, 6 September 1814