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A limited-access road or controlled-access road is a road to which access from adjacent properties is limited in some way. It can mean anything from a city street to which the maintaining authority limits driveway access^[1]^[2] to a freeway.^[3]^[4] The precise definition of these terms varies by jurisdiction.

History

The concept of limited-access roadways started with the parkway system in the state of New York, circa 1910.^{[citation needed]} The New York State Parkway System was a series of high speed (30 MPH) 4 lane roads that were created to provide a scenic way out of and around New York City. These highways allowed no driveway cuts but did have intersections for most of the streets they crossed. They also provided rest areas along the way that offered fuel and restrooms. The road ways were typically divided by a wide landscaped median.

The concept evolved into what today is commonly called in the United States a freeway, but can be called expressways, parkways, turnpikes, toll road, among other names both in the US and other countries.^{[citation needed]}

Variants

A controlled-access highway is usually^{[citation needed]} a step up from a limited-access highway.^{[citation needed]} These usually feature grade-separated crossings and ramp access.^{[citation needed]}

When toll booths are placed along the road, they are called toll roads, tollways, or turnpikes, among other names both in the US and other countries.

Dual carriageways (or divided highways) with long intervals between at-grade intersections and no private access may also meet the criteria of being "controlled-access".^{[citation needed]} Such roads may also be called expressways.^[5]

One such example is the "Marquette Bypass" on U.S. Route 41 in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.^{[citation needed]} The bypass is a freeway in terms of signage although it has traffic lights at the junctions.^{[citation needed]}^{[original research?]}

References

^ Environment Waikato Regional Council, Definition of Terms: "Limited access road for the purposes of this Strategy (section 5.6.3) is a local road occupied by a district/city council, where the number of accesses onto that road from properties is limited, due to road safety and visibility reasons."
^ Elko Traffic Code: "'Controlled access highway' means every highway, street or roadway in respect to which owners or occupants of abutting lands and other persons have no legal right of access except at such points only and in such manner as may be determined by the public authority having jurisdiction over such highway, street or roadway."
^ Jacksonville Transportation Authority - Rapid Transit Studies - Glossary: "Limited Access - Roadways with access limited to specific points (interchanges) with arterial or other limited access roadways."
^ Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, Section 1A.13 Definitions of Words and Phrases in This Manual: "Expressway—a divided highway with partial control of access." and "Freeway—a divided highway with full control of access."
^ Cite error: The named reference MUTCD was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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[1] Environment Waikato Regional Council, Definition of Terms: "Limited access road for the purposes of this Strategy (section 5.6.3) is a local road occupied by a district/city council, where the number of accesses onto that road from properties is limited, due to road safety and visibility reasons."

[2] Elko Traffic Code: "'Controlled access highway' means every highway, street or roadway in respect to which owners or occupants of abutting lands and other persons have no legal right of access except at such points only and in such manner as may be determined by the public authority having jurisdiction over such highway, street or roadway."

[3] Jacksonville Transportation Authority - Rapid Transit Studies - Glossary: "Limited Access - Roadways with access limited to specific points (interchanges) with arterial or other limited access roadways."

[4] Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, Section 1A.13 Definitions of Words and Phrases in This Manual: "Expressway—a divided highway with partial control of access." and "Freeway—a divided highway with full control of access."

[MUTCD-5] Cite error: The named reference MUTCD was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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-A '''limited-access road''' or '''controlled-access road''' is a [[road]] to which access from adjacent properties is limited in some way.   It can mean anything from a city street<ref>[http://www.ew.govt.nz/policyandplans/rpmsintro/rpms2002/operative.14.htm Environment Waikato Regional Council, Definition of Terms]: "Limited access road for the purposes of this Strategy (section 5.6.3) is a local road occupied by a district/city council, where the number of accesses onto that road from properties is limited, due to road safety and visibility reasons."</ref> to which the maintaining authority limits [[driveway]] access to a [[freeway]].  The precise definition of these terms varies by jurisdiction.
+A '''limited-access road''' or '''controlled-access road''' is a [[road]] to which access from adjacent properties is limited in some way.   It can mean anything from a city street to which the maintaining authority limits [[driveway]] access<ref>[http://www.ew.govt.nz/policyandplans/rpmsintro/rpms2002/operative.14.htm Environment Waikato Regional Council, Definition of Terms]: "Limited access road for the purposes of this Strategy (section 5.6.3) is a local road occupied by a district/city council, where the number of accesses onto that road from properties is limited, due to road safety and visibility reasons."</ref><ref>[http://www.ci.elko.nv.us/codes/City_Municipal_Code/Title_7/2/2.html Elko Traffic Code]: "'Controlled access highway' means every highway, street or roadway in respect to which owners or occupants of abutting lands and other persons have no legal right of access except at such points only and in such manner as may be determined by the public authority having jurisdiction over such highway, street or roadway."</ref> to a [[freeway]].<ref>[http://www.jtaonthemove.com/rts/glossary3.aspx Jacksonville Transportation Authority - Rapid Transit Studies - Glossary]: "Limited Access - Roadways with access limited to specific points (interchanges) with arterial or other limited access roadways."</ref><ref>[[Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices]], [http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/HTM/2003r1/part1/part1a.htm#section1A13 Section 1A.13 Definitions of Words and Phrases in This Manual]: "[[Expressway]]—a divided highway with partial control of access." and "Freeway—a divided highway with full control of access."</ref> The precise definition of these terms varies by jurisdiction.
 ==History==
+{{original research}}
-The concept of limited-access roadways started with the [[Parkway#History|parkway]] system in the state of [[New York]], circa [[1910]].  The [[New York State Parkway System]] was a series of high speed (30 Mph) four-lane roads that were created to provide a scenic way in to, out from, and around [[New York City]].  These highways allowed no driveway cuts, but did have intersections for most of the streets they crossed.  They also provided [[rest area]]s along the way that offered fuel and [[restrooms]].   The road ways were typically divided by a wide landscaped median.
+The concept of limited-access roadways started with the [[parkway]] system in the state of [[New York]], circa [[1910]].{{fact}}  The [[New York State Parkway System]] was a series of high speed (30 MPH) 4 lane roads that were created to provide a scenic way out of and around [[New York City]].  These highways allowed no driveway cuts but did have intersections for most of the streets they crossed.  They also provided [[rest area]]s along the way that offered fuel and [[restrooms]].   The road ways were typically divided by a wide landscaped median.
+The concept evolved into what today is commonly called in the [[United States]] a [[freeway]], but can be called [[expressway]]s, [[parkway]]s, [[turnpike]]s, [[toll road]], among other names both in the US and other countries.{{fact}}
-The concept evolved into uninterrupted [[arterial road]]s<ref>[http://www.jtaonthemove.com/rts/glossary3.aspx Jacksonville Transportation Authority - Rapid Transit Studies - Glossary]: "Limited Access - Roadways with access limited to specific points (interchanges) with arterial or other limited access roadways."</ref> that are commonly known as [[expressway]]s<ref name=MUTCD>[[Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices]], [http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/HTM/2003r1/part1/part1a.htm#section1A13 Section 1A.13 Definitions of Words and Phrases in This Manual]: "[[Expressway]]—a divided highway with partial control of access." and "[[Freeway]]—a divided highway with full control of access."</ref>, but can be called [[freeway]]s<ref name=MUTCD/>, [[motorway]]s, or [[parkway]]s, among other names both in the US and other countries.
-== Variants ==
+==Variants==
+{{accuracy}}
-A '''controlled-access highway'''<ref>[http://www.ci.elko.nv.us/codes/City_Municipal_Code/Title_7/2/2.html Elko Traffic Code]: "'Controlled access highway' means every highway, street or roadway in respect to which owners or occupants of abutting lands and other persons have no legal right of access except at such points only and in such manner as may be determined by the public authority having jurisdiction over such highway, street or roadway."</ref><ref>[http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/DBLaws/Statutes/English/90p50_e.htm Public Transportation and Highway Improvement Act; R.S.O. 1990, CHAPTER P.50]</ref> is usually a step up from a limited-access highway.  These usually feature grade-separated crossings and ramp access.
+{{original research}}
+A '''controlled-access highway''' is usually{{fact}} a step up from a limited-access highway.{{fact}} These usually feature grade-separated crossings and ramp access.{{fact}}
 When [[toll booth]]s are placed along the road, they are called [[toll road]]s, [[tollway]]s, or [[turnpike]]s, among other names both in the US and other countries.
-[[Dual carriageway]]s (or divided highways) with long intervals between [[at-grade intersection]]s and no private access may also meet the criteria of being "controlled-access." Such roads may also be called [[expressway]]s<ref name=MUTCD/>.
+[[Dual carriageway]]s (or divided highways) with long intervals between [[at-grade intersection]]s and no private access may also meet the criteria of being "controlled-access".{{fact}} Such roads may also be called [[expressway]]s.<ref name=MUTCD/>
-One such example is the "[[Marquette, Michigan|Marquette]] Bypass" on [[U.S. Route 41]] in the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan]]. The bypass is a freeway in terms of signage although it has traffic lights at the junctions.
+One such example is the "[[Marquette, Michigan|Marquette]] Bypass" on [[U.S. Route 41]] in the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan]].{{fact}} The bypass is a freeway in terms of signage although it has traffic lights at the junctions.{{fact}}{{or}}
-== See also ==
-*[[Autobahn]]
-*[[Autoroute]]
-*[[Freeway]]
-*[[Expressway]]
-*[[Highway]]
-*[[Motorway]]
-*[[RIRO Expressway]]
-*[[Super two]]
 ==References==
-<references/>
+<div class="references-small"><references/></div>
 [[Category:Limited-access roads| ]]